Table 2. Evaluation of DAE to flowering and maturity for the trials in calibration dataset in the three calibration experiments for the four phenology models.

Phenology Model	DAE	Calibration experiments	Sample size	MAD	α	β	R2	NRMSE
			n trials	days	–	–	–	%
GDD	Flowering	ΔGST ≤ 1 °C	109	3.68	0.96	4.12	0.94	4.55
		ΔGST ≤ 2 °C	289	4.15	0.95	5.12	0.92	5.22
		ΔGST ≤ 3 °C	503	4.68	1.03	−2.33	0.92	5.84
	Maturity	ΔGST ≤ 1 °C	109	4.65	0.94	7.23	0.93	4.33
		ΔGST ≤ 2 °C	289	5.51	0.92	9.37	0.89	5.23
		ΔGST ≤ 3 °C	503	5.95	0.92	9.30	0.85	5.84
Exponential	Flowering	ΔGST ≤ 1 °C	109	3.54	0.95	4.79	0.95	4.29
		ΔGST ≤ 2 °C	289	4.09	0.94	4.65	0.93	5.21
		ΔGST ≤ 3 °C	503	4.48	1.02	−1.77	0.92	5.67
	Maturity	ΔGST ≤ 1 °C	109	4.85	0.93	7.78	0.92	4.46
		ΔGST ≤ 2 °C	289	5.79	0.90	10.92	0.88	5.68
		ΔGST ≤ 3 °C	503	6.25	0.89	11.63	0.84	6.20
Bilinear	Flowering	ΔGST ≤ 1 °C	109	3.54	0.98	1.87	0.95	4.27
		ΔGST ≤ 2 °C	289	4.25	0.99	0.95	0.93	5.16
		ΔGST ≤ 3 °C	503	5.82	1.12	−9.60	0.91	7.38
	Maturity	ΔGST ≤ 1 °C	109	4.41	0.97	4.16	0.93	4.32
		ΔGST ≤ 2 °C	289	5.69	0.96	6.24	0.89	5.31
		ΔGST ≤ 3 °C	503	6.44	0.99	1.86	0.85	6.06
Beta	Flowering	ΔGST ≤ 1 °C	109	3.81	0.92	6.54	0.94	4.68
		ΔGST ≤ 2 °C	289	4.00	0.92	6.90	0.93	5.24
		ΔGST ≤ 3 °C	503	4.23	0.99	0.61	0.91	5.66
	Maturity	ΔGST ≤ 1 °C	109	5.45	0.90	10.43	0.92	5.11
		ΔGST ≤ 2 °C	289	6.53	0.90	11.19	0.82	6.90
		ΔGST ≤ 3 °C	503	7.19	0.91	9.21	0.79	7.38

MAD: mean absolute deviation; α: slope of linear regression between simulated and observed values; β: intercept of linear regression between simulated and observed values; R²: coefficient of determination; NRMSE: normalized root mean square error. The equations are available in Supplementary Note S3.