TABLE 4.
Mean Unadjusted Change (±95 CI) Scores (From Baseline) for all Outcome Measures and Between-Group Effect Sizes
| Outcome Measure | Group | Week 9 | Between-Group Effect Size (Cohen d) | 6 mo | Between-Group Effect Size (Cohen d) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (ODQ) | E Group | −1.0 (−7.6 to 5.6) | −0.39 | −1.6 (−9.3 to 6.1) | −0.44 |
| EWP Group | −5.5 (−8.8 to −2.2) | — | −8.2 (−13 to −3.4) | — | |
| Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire for Physical Activity (FABQ-PA, range of values 0–24) | E Group | −5.2 (−8.6 to −1.9) | −0.02 | −4.8 (−8.2 to −1.4) | 0.06 |
| EWP Group | −5.3 (−7.4 to −3.1) | — | −4.4 (−6.8 to −2.0) | — | |
| Back Beliefs Questionnaire (BBQ, range of values 9–45) | E Group | −2.9 (−6.5 to 0.6) | −0.14 | −5.1 (−7.9 to −22) | 0.36 |
| EWP Group | −3.8 (−5.7 to −1.9) | — | −2.9 (−5.1 to −0.8) | — | |
| Numerical Rating Scale for average pain over last week (NRS. range of values 0–10) | E Group | −0.7 (−1.6 to 0.2) | −0.1 | −0.5 (−1.8 to 0.8) | −0.4 |
| EWP Group | −0.9 (−1.6 to −0.1) | — | −1.6 (−2.6 to −0.6) | — | |
| Euroqol Weighted Health Index (EQ-5D, range of values: −0.59 to 1.0) | E Group | 0.06 (−0.05 to 0.17) | −0.13 | 0.05 (−0.09 to 0.18) | 0 |
| EWP Group | 0.03 (−0.06 to 0.11) | — | 0.05 (−0.04 to 0.14) | — | |
| Euroqol (EQ5D Visual Analogue Scale—Health State, range of values (0–100) | E Group | 7.3 (−1 to 15.6) | −0.32 | 3.1 (−9.1 to 15.3) | 0.03 |
| EWP Group | 1.9 (−3.8 to 7.5) | — | 3.6 (−1.3 to 8.5) | — | |
| Physical Activity Self-efficacy Scale (PASES, range of values 0–5) | E Group | 0.19 (−0.18 to 0.57) | −0.2 | 0.15 (−0.15 to 0.46) | −0.16 |
| EWP Group | 0.05 (−0.14 to 0 24) | — | 0.06 (−0.12 to 0.23) | — | |
| Modified Global Rating of Change (MGROC for Physical Activity, range of values −7 to 7) | E Group | 3.59 (1.60–5.58) | 0.39 | 2.65 (0.47–4.82) | 0.59 |
| EWP Group | 5.23 (3.74–6.72) | — | 5.26 (3.76–6.75) | — | |
| Modified Global Rating of Change (MGROC importance of change, range of values 0–7) | E Group | −0.53 (−1.89 to 0.83) | −0 1 | 0.29 (−1.19 to 1.78) | −0.56 |
| EWP Group | −0.56 (−1.30 to 0.17) | — | −1.13 (−1.80 to −0.46) | — |
For ODQ, FABQ-PA, BBQ, and NRS, a negative change score indicates improvement in outcome, whereas for EQ-5D and PASES a positive change score indicated improvement