Table 1.
Mechanistic pathways tested in planarian toxicology
| Pathways | Markers | Technique | Toxicants tested | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oxidative stress | Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione (GSH), reactive oxygen species (ROS) | Colorimetric assays | Surfactants | Li 2008 |
| DMSO | Yuan et al. 2012 | |||
| Cadmium | Wu et al. 2012a | |||
| Copper | Zhang et al. 2014 | |||
| 1‐octyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bromide | Zhang et al. 2015 | |||
| Lipid peroxidation | Malondialdehyde (MDA) | Colorimetric assays | Surfactants | Li 2008 |
| Cadmium | Wu et al. 2012a | |||
| 1‐octyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bromide | Zhang et al. 2015 | |||
| Apoptosis | Caspase‐3 | Colorimetric activity assays | Berberine | Balestrini et al. 2014 |
| Pain relievers | Wu & Li 2015 | |||
| Nervous system | Prohormone convertase 2 (pc2), | RT‐PCR, in situ | Berberine | Balestrini et al. 2014 |
| synaptogamin (syt), glutamic acid decarboxylase (gad), retinal homeobox (rax), Orthopedia (otp),innexin‐3 (inx3) | hybridization | DMSO | Stevens et al. 2015 | |
| Stem cell proliferation | Phospho‐histone H3, pcna, innexin ‐11 | Immunohistochemistry, | ||
| and maintenance | (inx‐11), minichromosome maintenance‐2 (mcm2), bruno | RT‐PCR | DMSO | Stevens et al. 2015 |
| Cancer | DNA mismatch repair (msh2), epidermal growth factor‐1 (egfr1), forkhead box O (foxo), nour‐darake (ndk) | RT‐PCR | DMSO | Stevens et al. 2015 |