Table 3.
Potential pathophysiologic factors that might have contributed to development of hypernatremia in dogs and cats identified with moderate or severe hypernatremia. Note that individual animals may have >1 condition
| Pathophysiologic Factors | Dogs with Hypernatremia N (%) | Cats with Hypernatremia N (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate | Severe | Total | Moderate | Severe | Total | |
| Total | 29 | 27 | 56 | 10 | 10 | 20 |
| GI loss | 12 (41.4) | 10 (37) | 22 (39.3) | 2 (20) | 3 (30) | 5 (25) |
| CDI | 2 (6.9) | 11 (40.7) | 13 (23.2) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Fever/Hyperthermia | 5 (17.2) | 8 (29.6) | 13 (23.2) | 0 | 1 (10) | 1 (5) |
| NDI | 5 (17.2) | 1 (3.7) | 6 (10.7) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| DM/DKA | 4 (13.8) | 1 (3.7) | 5 (8.9) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Hyperadrenocorticism | 1 (3.4) | 3 (11.1) | 4 (7.1) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Mannitol infusion | 2 (6.9) | 2 (7.4) | 4 (7.1) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Nonoliguric acute renal failure | 2 (6.9) | 1 (3.7) | 3 (5.4) | 3 (30) | 2 (20) | 5 (25) |
| Hypertonic fluid administration | 2 (6.9) | 1 (3.7) | 3 (5.4) | 1 (10) | 0 | 0 |
| Third space loss | 2 (6.9) | 1 (3.7) | 3 (5.4) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Primary hypodipsia | 0 | 2 (7.4) | 2 (3.6) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Chronic renal failure | 0 | 1 (3.7) | 1 (1.8) | 3 (30) | 3 (30) | 6 (30) |
| Diuretic administration | 0 | 1 (3.7) | 1 (1.8) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Postobstructvive diuresis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (10) | 1 (5) |
| Inadequate access to water | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (10) | 0 | 1 (5) |
| Cutaneous loss | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Salt poisoning | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Hyperaldosteronism | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Unknown | 6 (20.7) | 4 (14.8) | 10 (17.9) | 4 (40) | 2 (20) | 6 (30) |
CDI, central diabetes insipidus; DM, diabetes mellitus; DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis GI, gastrointestinal; NDI, neprhogenic diabetes insipidus.
Moderate hypernatremia, 11–15 mmol/L higher than the highest reference concentration; severe hypernatremia, ≥16 mmol/L higher than the highest reference concentration.