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. 2016 Jun 7;47:61. doi: 10.1186/s13567-016-0347-8

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© The Author(s) 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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mRNA quantification and viral antigen detection in tissues from WNV-infected horses. A, B Quantification of selected genes transcripts in tissues from experimentally infected horses. A lymphoid tissues (draining lymph node, spleen) and (B) brain in fold change. To compare the gene expression between WNV_NSW2011-challenged and uninfected horses, fold change was calculated (fold change: the normalised expression value of a gene in WNV-challenged horsecells/the normalised expression value of a gene in uninfected horse cells). C, D Immunolabeling of viral antigen and inflammatory cells in experimentally infected horse tissues. No viral antigen was detected (A) despite perivascular (arrow) and parenchymal infiltration of leukocytes, including CD3 + cells (D, red stain, arrow) in experimentally infected equine brain (Medulla oblongata). The results from horse no. 2 are presented and are representative of all three horses. Antigen of interest on both sections were visualised with AEC substrate (red product) and sections were counterstained with Meyer’s haematoxylin (Magnification: ×20).