Table 4.

Assessment^a of medicinal plants based on peer-reviewed references^b of the last 20 years aiming respiratory indications

Plant species	Number of references	Type of reference	Anti-bacterial			Synergism with AB			Antiviral			Spasmolytic			Expectorant			Antitussive			Immuno-stimulant			Anti-inflammatory			Analgesic			Hypothesis proved
			+	?	o	+	?	o	+	?	o	+	?	o	+	?	o	+	?	o	+	?	o	+	?	o	+	?	o	+	?	o
Achillea millefolium L.	2	in vitro										21
	1	in vivo + clinical										12
Agrimonia eupatoria L.	1	in vitro							13
	0	in vivo + clinical
Allium sativum L.	1	in vitro										14
	0	in vivo + clinical
Althaea officinalis L.	0	in vitro
	4	in vivo + clinical																45
Camellia sinensis (L). KUNTZE	0	in vitro
	2	in vivo + clinical	16					17							18
Cetraria islandica (L.) ACH.	0	in vitro
	1	in vivo + clinical																						19
Echinacea purpurea (L.) MOENCH	3	in vitro							210															211
	8	in vivo + clinical	112						113		114										215		116							217		218
Foeniculum vulgare (L.) MILL.	2	in vitro										219
	0	in vivo + clinical
Glycyrrhiza glabra L.	1	in vitro							120
	2	in vivo + clinical										121						122
Mentha x piperita L.	1	in vitro										123
	0	in vivo + clinical
Pimpinella anisum L.	2	in vitro										224
	0	in vivo + clinical
Plantago lanceolata L.	1	in vitro										125
	0	in vivo + clinical
Primula veris L.	1	in vitro	126
	0	in vivo + clinical
Rubus fruticosus L.	0	in vitro
	1	in vivo + clinical																						127
Rumex ssp. L.	2	in vitro	128						229
	0	in vivo + clinical
Salvia officinalis L.	0	in vitro
	2	in vivo + clinical																130									131
Sambucus nigra L.	1	in vitro							132
	1	in vivo + clinical																												133
Thymus vulgaris L.	9	in vitro	334									635
	1	in vivo + clinical																												136
Tussilago farfara L.	1	in vitro	137
	1	in vivo + clinical													138			139
Urtica dioica L.	3	in vitro	340
	1	in vivo + clinical							141
Vaccinium myrtillus L.	1	in vitro							142
	0	in vivo + clinical
Sum of plant species for each effect		in vitro	5	0	0	0	0	0	6	0	0	7	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
		in vivo + clinical	2	0	0	0	0	1	2	0	1	2	0	0	2	0	0	4	0	0	1	0	0	2	0	0	1	0	0	3	0	1
Sum of assessments		in vitro	9	0	0	0	0	0	8	0	0	15	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
		in vivo + clinical	2	0	0	0	0	1	2	0	1	2	0	0	2	0	0	7	0	0	2	0	0	2	0	0	1	0	0	4	0	2

^a Assessment = conclusion of a reference on a hypothesized effect; ^b reference = trial x plant species x indication; + = reference proves evidently the hypothesized effect; ? = reference shows uncertain hypothesized effect; o = reference does not prove evidently the hypothesized effect

¹ [288, 289] ² [290] ³ [291] ⁴ [292] ⁵ [293–296] ⁶ [297] ⁷ [298] ⁸ [297] ⁹ [299] ¹⁰ [300, 301] ¹¹ [103, 301] ¹² [302] ¹³ [94] ¹⁴ [96] ¹⁵ [302, 303] ¹⁶ [96] ¹⁷ [95, 304] ¹⁸ [305, 306] ¹⁹ [307, 308] ²⁰ [309] ²¹ [140] ²² [139] ²³ [89] ²⁴ [310, 311] ²⁵ [53] ²⁶ [312] ²⁷ [313] ²⁸ [314] ²⁹ [315] ³⁰ [293] ³¹ [316] ³² [300] ³³ [317] ³⁴ [191, 318, 319] ³⁵ [113–116, 320, 321] ³⁶ [108] ³⁷ [322] ³⁸ [323] ³⁹ [323] ⁴⁰ [322, 324, 325] ⁴¹ [326] ⁴² [327]