Table 2.
Post-training effects of training in three groups.
| Memory (n = 19) | Combined (n = 20) | Control (n = 14) | Pb | Partial eta squared | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline mean (SD) | Change mean (95% CI) | Effect size | Baseline mean (SD) | Change mean (95% CI) | Effect size | Baseline mean (SD) | Change mean (95% CI) | Effect size | |||
| MEMORY | |||||||||||
| Memory (composite score) | 50.71 (7.46) | 9.66 (6.40–12.91) | 1.189 | 47.35 (6.84) | 7.92 (4.62–11.22) | 0.833 | 52.82 (5.32) | 2.26 (−1.89–6.41) | 0.486 | 0.030 | 0.15 |
| TRAINED MEMORY TASKS | |||||||||||
| Face-name | 3.5 (1.75) | 1.12 (0.35–1.90) | 0.504 | 2.70 (2.04) | 0.12 (−0.67–0.90) | 0.016 | 4.54 (2.10) | −0.54 (−1.53–0.44) | −0.16 | 0.030 | 0.14 |
| Wordlist | 9.89 (2.49) | 2.32 (0.72–3.92) | 0.972 | 9.00 (2.22) | 2.09 (0.47–3.71) | 0.811 | 9.21 (1.89) | 0.23 (−1.81–2.26) | 0.219 | 0.271 | 0.06 |
| NON-TRAINED MEMORY TASKS | |||||||||||
| ALT | 10.29 (3.73) | 4.20 (2.76–5.64) | 1.179 | 10.08 (2.17) | 3.95 (2.50–5.40) | 1.164 | 12.5 (2.69) | 2.20 (0.37–4.03) | 0.764 | 0.233 | 0.06 |
| LMT | 8.79 (2.75) | 2.24 (1.09–3.40) | 0.864 | 7.60 (2.39) | 2.20 (1.02–3.37) | 0.672 | 8.61 (2.04) | 0.86 (−0.62–2.33) | 0.44 | 0.316 | 0.05 |
| MMQ | 16.89 (10.73) | −2.75 (−6.40–0.90) | 0.275 | 20.25 (10.01) | 0.70 (−3.07–4.46) | −0.049 | 16.38 (7.65) | 0.57 (−4.33–5.47) | −0.073 | 0.349 | 0.05 |
| EXECUTIVE FUNCTION | |||||||||||
| EF (composite score) | 51.33 (5.82) | 3.69 (1.86–5.53) | 0.653 | 46.12 (7.83) | 8.19 (6.33–10.04) | 1.22 | 53.74 (7.62) | 4.91 (2.57–7.25) | 0.52 | 0.005 | 0.21 |
| TRAINED EF TASKS | |||||||||||
| Word updating | 5.37 (1.71) | 1.53 (0.83–2.24) | 0.971 | 3.80 (2.35) | 3.24 (2.52–3.95) | 1.659 | 6.07 (2.53) | 1.86 (0.96–2.76) | 0.523 | 0.005 | 0.21 |
| Picture updating | 7.58 (1.74) | 0.82 (0.21–1.44) | 0.338 | 6.05 (2.24) | 2.70 (2.08–3.33) | 1.449 | 7.21 (2.12) | 1.52 (0.74–2.30) | 0.787 | <0.001 | 0.29 |
| NON-TRAINED EF TAKS | |||||||||||
| TMT (B–A)a | 25.89 (17.08) | −5.76 (−12.28–0.77) | 0.74 | 29.80 (18.65) | −5.84 (−12.44–0.77) | 0.869 | 23.50 (13.70) | −2.14 (−10.45–6.18) | 0.352 | 0.766 | 0.01 |
| Stroop testa | 12.89 (6.23) | −1.30 (−6.14–3.53) | 0.143 | 10.20 (12.69) | 2.37 (−2.52–7.26) | 0.053 | 17.5 (8.42) | −5.97 (−12.13–0.19) | 0.529 | 0.150 | 0.08 |
| Digital span backward | 4.9 (1.24) | 0.13 (−0.34–0.60) | 0.172 | 4.25 (1.16) | 0.37 (−0.10–0.85) | 0.376 | 5.86 (1.41) | 0.43 (−0.16–1.03) | 0.113 | 0.661 | 0.02 |
| OTHERS COGNITIVE TASKS | |||||||||||
| Digital span forward | 7.89 (1.15) | −0.20 (−0.48–0.88) | 0.228 | 7.50 (1.15) | −0.09 (−0.79–0.60) | −0.077 | 7.93 (1.33) | 0.86 (−0.01–1.73) | 0.658 | 0.275 | 0.06 |
| TMT-Aa | 32.53 (6.11) | −5.74 (−9.53–1.95) | 1.083 | 36.70 (10.27) | −11.45 (−15.29–7.62) | 1.304 | 34.21 (10.67) | −5.85 (−10.68–1.01) | 0.477 | 0.087 | 0.10 |
| Verbal fluency | 48.05 (8.35) | 6.51 (1.89–11.12) | 0.834 | 45.05 (9.24) | 5.78 (1.11–10.46) | 0.643 | 50.36 (12.28) | 3.91 (−1.98–9.79) | 0.225 | 0.793 | 0.01 |
SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval; ALT, Associative Learning Test; LMT, Logical Memory Test; EF, executive function; TMT, Trail Making Test; MMQ, Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire.
a
Lower scores indicate better performance.
b
Analyses of covariance of posttraining-minus-baseline change scores, controlled for baseline performance on the face-name task, ALT, word updating task and backward digit span, and picture updating task.