Table.
Stiffness and damping coefficients
| Group | k (N/mm) | S1 (N/mm) | S2 (N/mm) | η1 (Ns/mm) | η2 (Ns/mm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 280.9 (41.0) | 819.3 | 170.0 | 26364.6 | 132333.0 |
| Puncture | 249.1 (49.7) | 683.9 | 145.4 | 29031.7 | 132682.2 |
| Bone morphogenetic protein 2 | 287.4 (58.5) | 887.5 | 201.9 | 31041.7 | 160556.8 |
| Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 | 238.3 (11.4) | 780.1 | 149.1 | 24857.3 | 125341.4 |
Mechanical properties: Ramp phase stiffness (k) and viscoelastic model damping coefficients (elastic: S1, S2; viscous: η1, η2). The top ≈ 30% of the linear region of the ramp phase was used for stiffness calculations. Damping coefficient parameters are derived from average curves. Creep curves were fit with a two-phase exponential model, where S1 describes the early elastic damping coefficient, S2 describes the late elastic damping coefficient, η1 describes the early viscous damping coefficient, and η2 describes the late viscous damping coefficient.