Table 1.

Reported phosphorylation sites of connexins, responsible kinases and the effect on gap junctions

Kinases	Connexins	Phosphorylated residues	Reported effects on GJs	References
PKA	Cx32	Ser233	increased GJIC	[18, 36, 37]
	Cx35/36	Ser110, Ser276	reduced GJIC	[38–41]
			increased GJIC
	Cx40	n/a	increased GJIC	[42, 43]
	Cx43	serines 364, 365, 368, 369, 373	rapid GJ assembly, increased GJIC	[7, 27–34]
	Cx50	Ser395	increased GJIC	[35]
AKT (PKB)	Cx43	Ser373	increased GJ size and GJIC	[44]
	Cx50	n/a	increased GJIC	[45]
PKC	Cx43	serines 365, 368, 369, 372, 373	decreased GJ assembly, decreased GJIC, reduced half-life of Cx43, in ischemic hearts decreased coupling by Ser368 phosphorylation (56) or de-phosphorylation (55)	[7, 18, 46–56]
	Cx32	Ser233	n/a	[18, 37, 57]
	Cx56 chicken homologue of Cx46	Ser118	decreased GJIC	[11, 18, 58]
PKG	Cx35/36	Ser110, Ser276, Ser289	decreased GJIC	[59]
CaMKII	Cx43	serines 244, 255, 257, 296, 297, 306, 314, 325, 328, 330, 364, 365, 369, 372, 373	de-phosphorylation of Ser306 during ischemia reduced GJIC (62)	[60–63]
	Cx32	n/a	n/a	[37]
	Cx36	n/a	increased GJIC	[64–66]
	Cx45	Ser326, Thr337, serines 381, 382, 384, 385, 387, 393	n/a	[67]
CK1	Cx43	serines 325, 328, 330	increased GJ assembly	[26]
	Cx45	serines 326, 382, 384, 387, 393	n/a	[67]
Cdk5	Cx43	Ser279, Ser282	phosphorylation prevents membrane targeting, promotes proteasome dependent degradation	[69]
P34cdc2	Cx43	Ser255, Ser262	GJ internalization	[70, 71]
MAPK	Cx43	serines 255, 262, 279, 282	GJ internalization, decreased GJIC	[54, 70, 72–75]
	Cx50	n/a	n/a	[76]
Src	Cx43	Tyr 247, 265	reduced GJIC	[77–79]
EGFR tyrosine kinase	Cx32	Tyr 243	n/a	[82]

n/a, not applicable