Table 4.

Doctors’ involvement in hospital management in 7 European countries

Having a formal management role	N	%
No formal management role	165	(9.8)
Formal management role at the department level only	864	(51.7)
Formal management role at the hospital level only	90	(5.3)
Formal management role at both the department and hospital level	293	(17.5)
Formal management role missing/unknown	258	(15.4)
Professional involvement in management	Mean	SD
“How would you describe your participation within the following decision-making areas?”  1 = No involvement, 2 = Giving an opinion, 3 = Shared decision making, 4 = Final decision making responsibility
Administration and budgeting	2.1	0.7
Managing medical practice	2.8	0.7
Strategic management	1.7	0.6
Managing nursing practice	1.8	0.6