Table 2. Immuno responses to monovalent 2009 influenza A(H1N1) vaccine among diabetic patients.
| Geometric mean* | Fold rise* | Postvac titer** | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≥4-fold rise | ≥1:40 | |||||
| Category | N | Pre vac | Post vac | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Entire sample | 48 | 6 | 53 | 9 (P < 0.0001) | 38 (79) | 35 (73) |
| Sex | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 36 | 6 | 44 | 8 (P < 0.0001) | 28 (78) | 25 (69) |
| Female | 12 | 7 | 95 | 13(P < 0.0001) | 10 (83) | 10 (83) |
| (P = 00.101) | (P = 00.124) | P = 0.254) | (P = 00.682) | (P = 00.348) | ||
| Age | ||||||
| <57 | 15 | 8 | 96 | 12(P < 0.0001) | 12 (80) | 13 (87) |
| 57–64 | 14 | 6 | 62 | 11(P < 0.0001) | 12 (86) | 11 (79) |
| 65+ | 19 | 5 | 30 | 6(P < 0.0001) | 14 (74) | 11 (58) |
| (P = 0.021) | (P = 0.027) | (P = 0.3201) | (P = 0.624) | (P = 0.059) | ||
| DM subtype | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type 1 | 7 | 6 | 54 | 9(P = 0.0034) | 5 (71) | 5 (71) |
| Type 2 | 41 | 6 | 53 | 9(P < 0.0001) | 33 (80) | 30 (73) |
| (P = 0.812) | (P = 0.870) | (P = 1.000) | (P = 0.585) | (P = 0.924) | ||
| Duration of disease (y) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <10 | 24 | 6 | 55 | 9 (P < 0.0001) | 19 (79) | 17 (71) |
| 10+ | 24 | 6 | 52 | 9 (P < 0.0001) | 19 (79) | 18 (75) |
| (P = 0.132) | (P = 0.900) | (P = 0.505) | (P = 1.000) | (P = 0.745) | ||
| HbA1c (%) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <6.5 | 10 | 6 | 65 | 11 (P = 0.0007) | 8 (80) | 8 (80) |
| 6.5–7.5 | 20 | 6 | 61 | 11(P < 0.0001) | 17 (85) | 16 (80) |
| 7.6+ | 18 | 7 | 42 | 6 (P < 0.0001) | 13 (72) | 11 (61) |
| (P = 0.115) | (P = 0.243) | (P = 0.198) | (P = 0.529) | (P = 0.222) | ||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <22.1 | 13 | 6 | 34 | 6 (P = 0.0006) | 8 (62) | 9 (69) |
| 22.1–23.8 | 16 | 6 | 50 | 9 (P < 0.0001) | 11 (69) | 10 (63) |
| 23.9+ | 19 | 6 | 77 | 12 (P < 0.0001) | 19 (100) | 16 (84) |
| (P = 0.806) | (P = 0.454) | (P = 0.221) | (P = 0.006) | (P = 0.296) | ||
| Treatment of DM | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No medication | 5 | 6 | 70 | 12 (P = 0.0491) | 4 (80) | 4 (80) |
| Internal use only | 16 | 7 | 50 | 7 (P < 0.0001) | 11 (69) | 10 (63) |
| Insulin + | 27 | 6 | 53 | 9 (P < 0.0001) | 23 (85) | 21 (78) |
| (P = 0.472) | (P = 0.846) | (P = 0.674) | (P = 0.410) | (P = 0.649) | ||
| Insulin- | 21 | 7 | 54 | 8 (P < 0.0001) | 15 (71) | 14 (67) |
| Insulin+ | 27 | 6 | 53 | 9 (P < 0.0001) | 23 (85) | 21 (78) |
| (P = 0.319) | (P = 0.841) | (P = 0.624) | (P = 0.244) | (P = 0.390) | ||
| Treatment of hypertension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | 27 | 6 | 54 | 9 (P < 0.0001) | 21 (78) | 20 (74) |
| Received | 21 | 6 | 52 | 9 (P < 0.0001) | 17 (81) | 15 (71) |
| (P = 0.580) | (P = 0.882) | (P = 0.875) | (P = 0.788) | (P = 0.838) | ||
| Treatment of hyperlipidemia | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | 31 | 6 | 57 | 9 (P < 0.0001) | 24 (77) | 24 (77) |
| Received | 17 | 6 | 47 | 8 (P < 0.0001) | 14 (82) | 11 (65) |
| (P = 0.457) | (P = 0.428) | (P = 0.914) | (P = 0.687) | (P = 0.343) | ||
| Prevaccination titer | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <1:10 | 37 | 5 | 45 | 9 (P < 0.0001) | 30 (81) | 26 (70) |
| 1:10–1:20 | 11 | 12 | 97 | 8 (P = 0.0004) | 8 (73) | 9 (82) |
| (P <0.0001) | (P = 0.169) | (P = 0.321) | (P = 0.549) | (P = 0.449) | ||
*
Wilcoxon signed–rank test for intra-category comparisons, and the Wilcoxon rank sum test for inter-category comparisons. **χ2 test between 2 categories and the Mantel-extension method for trend test among 3 categories.