Table 2.

The link between time discounting and crime: Intensive margin

Timing of reward	Criminal convictions (age 15–31)			Child Welfare Committee (age 0–18)
	Any crime	Violent crime	Property crime	Any crime	Violent crime	Property crime
Certainly immediate	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Probably immediate	−0.941**	−0.123*	−0.296	−0.151**	−0.025	−0.456***
	(0.435)	(0.074)	(0.188)	(0.067)	(0.054)	(0.141)
Indifferent	−0.719*	−0.147**	−0.207	−0.042	−0.004	−0.154
	(0.416)	(0.068)	(0.181)	(0.069)	(0.052)	(0.147)
Probably delay	−0.655*	−0.085	−0.207	−0.071	−0.033	−0.230**
	(0.346)	(0.064)	(0.145)	(0.050)	(0.039)	(0.114)
Certainly delay	−0.581*	−0.068	−0.189	−0.062	−0.024	−0.245**
	(0.342)	(0.064)	(0.143)	(0.049)	(0.039)	(0.111)
Sample mean	1.926	0.156	0.666	0.371	0.146	0.735
Obs	6,749	6,749	6,749	6,749	6,749	6,749

The table shows the coefficients of ordinary least-squares regressions of crime indicators on dummies for each answer to the question whether the child at age 13 prefers SEK 900 (USD 138) today versus SEK 9,000 (USD 1,380) in 5 y. The amounts are presented in current prices. Each column represents a separate regression. The sample consists of male children born in Stockholm County in 1953. “Any crime” in CWC data refers to a decision by the CWC for delinquent behavior (each decision may involve multiple offenses), whereas “Property crime” and “Violent crime” refer to the number of crimes in each category. All regressions control for dummies for month of birth, intelligence, educational level (four levels) of the parent, each parent’s income (dummies per decile), and each parent’s age (dummies per 10-y interval). ***Significant at the 1% level; **significant at the 5% level; *significant at the 10% level. Ref., reference group.