Depletion of regulatory T cells prevents stress-protective effects of M. vaccae. (A) Anxiety- or fear-like behavior on the elevated plus-maze (day 19; Exp. 4). (B–G) CSC-induced spontaneous colitis measured on day 20. (B) Colonic histological damage scores. (C) Number of viable mesLNCs. (D–F) Secretion of (D) IFN-γ, (E) IL-6, and (F) IL-10 from mesLNCs stimulated with anti-CD3 antibody in vitro (control antibody/SHC group: 100%). (G) IL-6/IL-10 ratio. Bars represent means; error bars represent +SEM. Significance was assessed using two-factor ANOVA. Post hoc comparisons were made using Fisher’s LSD tests. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, between-subjects effects of control versus anti-CD25 antibody, within the same CSC condition; ++P < 0.01, +++P < 0.001, between-subjects effects of SHC versus CSC, within the same antibody condition. The number of independent data points (N) in each of the graphs and sample size (n) for each group are as follows: (A) N = 28; M. vaccae/SHC/control Ab, 7; M. vaccae/CSC/control Ab, 7; M. vaccae/SHC/anti-CD25 Ab, 6; M. vaccae/CSC/anti-CD25 Ab, 8. (B) N = 23; M. vaccae/SHC/control Ab, 5; M. vaccae/CSC/control Ab, 6; M. vaccae/SHC/anti-CD25 Ab, 5; M. vaccae/CSC/anti-CD25 Ab, 7. (C–G) N = 29–31; M. vaccae/SHC/control Ab, 8; M. vaccae/CSC/control Ab, 7; M. vaccae/SHC/anti-CD25 Ab, (C, E, and G) 8, (D) 6, (F) 7; M. vaccae/CSC/anti-CD25 Ab, 8.