Table 2.
Odds ratios for gender differences in both objectively measured and self-reported hypertension
| Objective measures of hypertension |
Self-reported hypertensive diagnosis |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| Female | 0.37 (0.33, 0.43)*** | 0.34 (0.30, 0.40)*** | 0.35 (0.30, 0.40)*** | 0.69 (0.58, 0.82)*** | 0.63 (0.53, 0.75)*** | 0.53 (0.44, 0.64)*** |
| Education (College grad or more) |
||||||
| Less than high school | 1.27 (1.04, 1.56)* | 1.07 (0.86, 1.33) | 1.07 (0.85, 1.34) | 1.44 (1.08, 1.91)* | 1.29 (0.94, 1.76) | 1.23 (0.88, 1.71) |
| High school graduate | 1.23 (1.02, 1.49)* | 1.00 (0.81, 1.24) | 1.00 (0.81, 1.24) | 1.37 (1.07, 1.75)* | 1.13 (0.87, 1.47) | 1.12 (0.86, 1.47) |
| Some college | 1.17 (1.01, 1.36)* | 0.97 (0.83, 1.14) | 0.97 (0.82, 1.14) | 1.34 (1.10, 1.63)** | 1.14 (0.91, 1.42) | 1.10 (0.88, 1.37) |
| Race/ethnicity (Non-Hispanic white) |
||||||
| Non-Hispanic black | 1.08 (0.94, 1.24) | 1.02 (0.90, 1.17) | 1.02 (0.90, 1.17) | 1.39 (1.17, 1.65)*** | 1.23 (1.03, 1.48)* | 1.13 (0.94, 1.35) |
| Hispanic | 0.91 (0.74, 1.12) | 0.87 (0.69, 1.08) | 0.86 (0.69, 1.08) | 0.99 (0.73, 1.34) | 0.91 (0.87, 1.64) | 0.88 (0.65, 1.21) |
| Asian | 1.13 (0.85, 1.49) | 1.24 (0.92, 1.68) | 1.23 (0.92, 1.69) | 1.08 (0.62, 1.77) | 1.19 (0.87, 1.64) | 1.21 (0.89, 1.65) |
| Other race | 1.28 (0.83, 1.96) | 1.24 (0.83, 1.85) | 1.28 (0.83, 1.86) | 1.05 (0.62, 1.77) | 1.01 (0.63, 1.62) | 1.02 (0.65, 1.59) |
| Age | 1.09 (1.05, 1.13)*** | 1.08 (1.05, 1.12)*** | 1.08 (1.05, 1.12)*** | 1.04 (1.00, 1.09) | 1.04 (0.99, 1.08) | 1.03 (0.98, 1.08) |
| Married, ever | 0.91 (0.80, 1.03) | 0.87 (0.77, 0.99) | 0.88 (0.77, 0.99)* | 1.04 (0.88, 1.21) | 1.00 (0.85, 1.18) | 0.96 (0.82, 1.13) |
| BMI (Healthy) | ||||||
| Underweight | 0.65 (0.34, 1.27) | 0.66 (0.34, 1.28) | 0.71 (0.27, 1.88) | 0.69 (0.26, 1.83) | ||
| Overweight | 1.78 (1.47, 2.14)*** | 1.97 (1.48, 2.15)*** | 1.59 (1.27, 2.01)*** | 1.59 (1.26, 2.00)*** | ||
| Obese 1 | 2.67 (2.19, 3.25)*** | 3.02 (2.19, 3.26)*** | 2.53 (2.02, 3.18)*** | 2.53 (2.01, 3.18)*** | ||
| Obese 2 | 3.61 (2.86, 4.55)*** | 3.42 (2.86, 4.55)*** | 3.62 (2.71, 4.83)*** | 3.66 (2.74, 4.89)*** | ||
| Obese 3 | 5.30 (4.22, 6.65)*** | 5.64 (4.23, 6.67)*** | 5.84 (4.49, 7.61)*** | 5.86 (4.49, 7.63)*** | ||
| Smoking status (Never regular smoker) |
||||||
| Former smoker | 1.06 (0.91, 1.24) | 1.06 (0.90, 1.16) | 0.93 (0.77, 1.13) | 0.94 (0.78, 1.15) | ||
| Current smoker | 1.24 (1.06, 1.45)** | 1.23 (1.05, 1.43)** | 0.98 (0.81, 1.17) | 1.03 (0.86, 1.23) | ||
| Physical activity level (High) | ||||||
| Low | 1.09 (0.93, 1.29) | 1.09 (0.93, 1.29) | 1.18 (0.95, 1.47) | 1.22 (0.98, 1.52)† | ||
| Medium | 1.02 (0.91, 1.15) | 1.03 (0.91, 1.16) | 1.01 (0.85, 1.19) | 1.04 (0.88, 1.23) | ||
| Insurance coverage (Private insurance) |
||||||
| No insurance | 1.07 (0.91, 1.26) | 0.94 (0.78, 1.14) | ||||
| Public insurance | 0.90 (0.67, 1.20) | 1.13 (0.97, 1.77)† | ||||
| Last regular medical check-up (Less than 6 months ago) |
||||||
| 6 to 12 months ago | 0.95 (0.78, 1.16) | 0.65 (0.52, 0.82)*** | ||||
| 1 to 2 years | 0.99 (0.84, 1.18) | 0.57 (0.45, 0.73)*** | ||||
| 2 yrs or more | 0.96 (0.81, 1.13) | 0.41 (0.33, 0.50)*** | ||||
| Unknown/never | 0.85 (0.59, 1.22) | 0.45 (0.25, 0.80)** | ||||
Notes: Source = Wave IV National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health; N=14,497.
†
P ≤ .10;
*
p ≤ .05;
**
p ≤ .01;
***
p ≤ .001.