Figure 1. The Matrix M^TM adjuvanted boosted the Th1 and Th2 cytokine responses. Four groups of 15 vaccinees were given 2 immunizations with 30 μg HA of H5N1 NIBRG-14 virosomal vaccine alone (30 μg-) or increasing doses of virosomal vaccine (1.5, 7.5, or 30 μg HA) in combination with Matrix M^TM adjuvant (+). PBMCs were isolated at indicated time-points and stimulated for 72 h with H5N1 virosomes. The supernatant was frozen at –80 °C and later thawed for analysis of Th1 (IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α), Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13), and Th17 (IL-17) cytokines and GM-CSF. The mean ± SEM is shown for each vaccine group. *, **, and *** indicate significant differences (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001, respectively) from the 30 μg- group, One-way ANOVA with the Dunnet post hoc test.