Table 1.
Types of nanoparticles and their clinical uses as topical drug delivery vehicles.
| Application | Drug | Type of nanoparticle | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acne | Azelaic acid | PLGA | [71] |
| Adapalene | SLN, Eudragit® EPO | [182,183] | |
| Isotretinoin | SLN, Niosome, liposome | [184–186] | |
| Tretinoin | Chitosan-SLN, Lipid-core-polymeric nanocapsules, lipid based | [187,188,189] | |
| Benzoyl peroxide | SLN, Niosome, liposome | [190,191] | |
| Retinoic acid | SLN | [192] | |
| Cyproterone acetate | Lipid, SLN | [193] | |
| Triclosan | Eudragit® E 100 | [194] | |
| Clindamycin | Liposome | [195] | |
| Salicylic acid | Liposome | [196] | |
| Lauric acid | Liposome | [197] | |
| Finasteride | Liposome | [198] | |
| Tea oil | Liposome | [199] | |
| Erythromycin | Niosome | [200] | |
| Sphingosome | SLN | [201] | |
| Target Microorganism | Type of nanoparticle | Reference | |
| Antibacterial |
E. coli, B. subtilis, S. aureus, methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, ESBL-positive K. pneumonia, S. typhi, Vibri cholera |
Silver | [76,202,203] |
| MRSA, VRE, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Gold | [204,205] | |
| E. coli, B. subtilis, B. megaterium | Magnesium oxide | [82] | |
| E. coli, S. aureus, Listeria monocytogenes | Titanium dioxide | [206] | |
|
E. coli 0157:H7, B. subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, L. monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis, S. aureus, S. typhimurium |
Zinc oxide | [207] | |
| B. subtilis | Copper oxide | [83] | |
| Antiviral | HIV-1, Influenza virus, Herpes Simplex virus, Respiratory syncytial virus, Monkey pox virus |
Silver | [208–211] |
| HIV and several strains of influenza virus | Gold | [208,212] | |
| Antifungal | Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Candida species | Silver | [213,214] |
| Candida albicans Biofilms | Titanium dioxide | [215] | |
| Drug | Type of nanoparticle | Reference | |
| Skin cancer | Cisplatin | Lipids | [216] |
| Hyaluronic acid nanoparticles | [217] | ||
| Hexadentate-poly (dl-lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles | [218] | ||
| PAMAM dendrimer | [219] | ||
| Human ferritin | [220] | ||
| Vincristine | Lipids | [221] | |
| Doxorubicin | Lipids | [222] | |
| SLN | [223] | ||
| Hyaluronic acid nanoparticles | [224] | ||
| Poly-l-lysine dendrimer | [225] | ||
| Paclitaxel | N-isopropylacrylamide/vinyl pyrrolidone based nanoparticles | [226] | |
| Disease | Type of nanoparticle | Reference | |
| Skin inflammation | Eczema/psoriasis | SLN | [227] |
| Lipid nanoparticles | [228] | ||
| Polymeric nanospheres | [31] | ||
| Dermatitis | Zinc oxide | [229] | |
| Hydrocortisone-loaded chitosan nanoparticles | [230] | ||
| Hydrocortisone-loaded poly(ε-caprolactone) | [231] | ||
| Stevens–Johnson syndrome/Toxic epidermal necrolysis | Nanocrytalline silver dressing | [232] | |
| Chronic skin inflammation | Polymer-lipid | [233] | |
| Ammonium glycyrrhizinate-loaded niosomes | [234] | ||
| Curcumin | [235] | ||
| Intended therapeutic effect | Type of nanoparticle | Reference | |
| Cosmetics | Sunscreen | Zinc oxide | [236] |
| Magnesium oxide | [237] | ||
| Titanium dioxide | [238] | ||
| Octyl or ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) with SLN and PLGA | [118,239] | ||
| Skin care, wounds, antioxidants | Vitamin E with polymer | [172] | |
| Antioxidants/anti-aging | Coenzyme Q10 with liposome | [117] | |
| Intended therapeutic effect | Type of nanoparticle | Reference | |
| Ocular | Glaucoma | Nano-emulsion | [240] |
| Liposomes | [241] | ||
| SLN | [242] | ||
| Polymeric nanoparticles | [243] | ||
| Dendrimers | [243] | ||
| Ocular inflammation | Liposomes | [244] | |
| SLN | [244] | ||
| Polymeric nanoparticles | [245] | ||
| Chronic dry eye | Nano-emulsion | [244] | |
| Liposomes | [246] | ||
| SLN | [247] | ||
| Eye cancer | Polymeric nanoparticles | [248] | |
| Intraocular infections | SLN | [249] | |
| Corneal neovascularization | Nanoparticles | [250] | |
| Wound healing | Gold nanoparticle | [251] | |
| Copper oxide nanoparticle | [252] | ||
| Cerium oxide nanoparticles | [62] | ||
| Polymeric nanoparticles | [253] | ||
| Liposomes | [254] |