Table 1.

Clinical presentation of respiratory viral infections

Virus	Entry receptor	Common symptoms	Clinical complications
Rhinovirus	ICAM-1 or LDL	Rhinorrhea, coryza, sneezing, sore throat, cough	Asymptomatic, mild to moderate upper-respiratory tract illness, bronchitis
Common coronavirus	Strain specific	Fever, rhinorrhea, coryza, sneezing, sore throat, cough	Mild to moderate upper-respiratory tract illness
Adenovirus	Strain specific penton	Fever, rhinorrhea, coryza, sneezing, sore throat, cough, pink eye, diarrhea, bladder infections	Mild to moderate upper-respiratory tract illness, croup, tonsilitis
Seasonal influenza	Sialic acids	Fever, rhinorrhea or stuffy nose, coryza, sore throat, cough, headache, myalgia	Mild to moderate upper-respiratory tract illness, bronchitis, croup
RSV	Nucleolin	Fever, rhinorrhea, coryza, sore throat, cough, wheezing, shortness of breath	Mild to moderate upper-respiratory tract illness, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, croup
Enterovirus D68	Sialic acids alpha2-6	Rhinorrhea, sneezing, cough, mouth blisters, myalgia; wheezing and dyspnea in more severe cases	Mild to moderate upper-respiratory tract illness, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia
Pandemic influenza	Sialic acids	Fever, coryza, rhinorrhea or stuffy nose, sore throat, cough, headache, shortness of breath, dyspnea, myalgia	Bronchitis, croup, pneumonia, diffuse alveolar damage, acute respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory failure
SARS-CoV	ACE2	Fever, chills, cough, shortness of breath, dyspnea, myalgia	Rapidly progressive pneumonia, diffuse alveolar damage, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory failure, fibrosis
MERS-CoV	CD26	Fever, chills or rigors, coryza, sore throat, non-productive cough, sputum production, shortness of breath, dyspnea, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, myalgia	Rapidly progressive pneumonia, diffuse alveolar damage, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory failure, septic shock and multi-organ failure