Table 2.
Specialised bioactive lipids which promote the resolution of inflammation
| Bioactive lipid | Main source | Major anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution bioactivities |
|---|---|---|
| Lipoxins | ADA | |
| Lipoxin A4 | Neutrophils reduce chemotaxis/recruitment/transendothelial/epithelial migration, epithelial cell interactions, number of apoptotic neutrophils, O2− generation and degranulation | |
| Monocytes stimulate chemotaxis/adhesion and reduce peroxynitrite generation | ||
| Macrophages enhanced efferocytosis of neutrophils | ||
| Eosinophils reduce migration/chemotaxis and generation of IL-5 and eotaxin | ||
| NK cells reduce cytotoxicity and increase granulocyte apoptosis | ||
| Dendritic cells reduce generation of IL-12 | ||
| Epithelial cells reduce the release of IL-6 and IL-8 | ||
| Endothelial cells reduce ROS generation and VEGF-induced migration | ||
| Other decreases vascular leakage and adherent capabilities of leukocytes | ||
| Lipoxin B4 | Leukocytes modulate the adherence and motility of neutrophils/monocytes and inhibit neutrophil infiltration and stimulate macrophage recruitment | |
| D-resolvins | DHA | |
| Resolvin D1 | Neutrophils reduce recruitment and transmigration | |
| Macrophages stimulate/augment phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and allergens, induce M2 macrophage phenotype and reduce LPS-induced TNF release | ||
| Other reduces resolution interval, oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines in BAL fluid and levels of prostaglandins/leukotrienes and augment microbial clearance | ||
| Resolvin D2 | Leukocytes reduce neutrophil infiltration and leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions | |
| Resolvin D3 | Leukocytes reduce neutrophil transmigration and augment macrophage phagocytosis/efferocytosis | |
| Resolvin D4 | Leukocytes reduce neutrophil infiltration and augment macrophage efferocytosis of neutrophils and phagocytic clearance of Staphylococcus aureus | |
| Other augments fibroblast efferocytosis of neutrophils | ||
| E-resolvins | EPA | |
| Resolvin E1 | Neutrophils reduce O2− generation and transendothelial/epithelial migration | |
| Monocytes decrease cell number | ||
| Macrophages augment efferocytosis of neutrophils | ||
| Eosinophils/lymphocytes reduce recruitment | ||
| Dendritic cells reduce migration and IL-12 generation | ||
| Other modulates the production of chemokines/cytokines and stimulates anti-apoptotic signals and reparative processes in inflamed tissues | ||
| Resolvin E2 | Leukocytes modulate neutrophil chemotaxis, augment phagocytosis and generation of anti-inflammatory cytokines, efficiently downregulate the surface expression of integrins and reduce responses to PAF | |
| Resolvin E3 | Neutrophils reduce infiltration | |
| Protectins | DHA | |
| Protectin D1 | Neutrophils reduce infiltration, transmigration and TNF/IFNγ generation | |
| Macrophages modulate function and stimulate efferocytosis of PMN leukocytes | ||
| Other modulates chemokine/cytokine production and migration of T cells and reduces eosinophil chemotaxis/adhesion | ||
| Maresins | DHA | |
| Maresin 1 | Neutrophils reduce numbers in peritonitis exudates | |
| Macrophages augment phagocytic capabilities | ||
| Other reduces PMN leukocyte transendothelial cell migration and dust-induced cytokine production in bronchial epithelial cells and aids tissue regeneration |