Table 3.
Changes in metabolic and vascular characteristics.
| Exercise condition | Baseline mean (SD) |
6 months mean (SD) |
12 months mean (SD) |
24 months mean (SD) |
Tx P value |
Time P value |
Tx ∗ time P value |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HOMA | MXR | Vigorous | 3.27 (1.53) | 2.46 (1.56) | 2.90 (1.51) | 3.00 (1.67) | 0.33 | 0.001 | 0.03 |
| Moderate | 3.20 (2.77) | 1.94 (1.22) | 1.94 (1.22) | 4.96 (2.39) | |||||
| Placebo | Vigorous | 4.27 (2.44) | 2.63 (1.53) | 3.62 (1.83) | 5.64 (4.25) | ||||
| Moderate | 3.27 (1.41) | 4.00 (2.54) | 4.02 (2.07) | 4.56 (2.05) | |||||
|
| |||||||||
| Fasting BG (mmol/L) |
MXR | Vigorous | 4.91 (0.34) | 4.62 (0.39) | 4.75 (0.39) | 5.08 (0.50) | 0.88 | <0.0001 | 0.42 |
| Moderate | 4.86 (0.35) | 4.51 (0.32) | 4.82 (0.19) | 4.97 (0.22) | |||||
| Placebo | Vigorous | 4.96 (0.33) | 4.56 (0.47) | 4.94 (0.35) | 5.13 (0.30) | ||||
| Moderate | 4.68 (0.59) | 4.64 (0.65) | 4.90 (0.39) | 4.97 (0.38) | |||||
|
| |||||||||
|
2 hr BG (mmol/L) |
MXR | Vigorous | 5.24 (0.54) | 5.59 (0.98) | 5.65 (0.90) | 5.10 (0.66) | 0.46 | 0.81 | 0.36 |
| Moderate | 5.55 (1.38) | 5.17 (1.16) | 5.55 (0.97) | 5.83 (1.28) | |||||
| Placebo | Vigorous | 6.02 (1.59) | 5.60 (0.98) | 5.78 (0.98) | 5.94 (1.51) | ||||
| Moderate | 5.67 (1.20) | 5.79 (1.15) | 5.71 (0.95) | 5.50 (0.44) | |||||
|
| |||||||||
| Leptin ng/mL |
MXR | Vigorous | 39.26 (23.00) | 30.58 (1.69) | 28.79 (17.86) | 40.34 (21.07) | 0.70 | 0.0003 | 0.26 |
| Moderate | 31.54 (13.25) | 23.41 (12.85) | 28.43 (14.52) | 37.80 (19.34) | |||||
| Placebo | Vigorous | 40.64 (27.39) | 30.97 (23.16) | 29.80 (14.11) | 34.02 (17.87) | ||||
| Moderate | 36.01 (16.00) | 35.15 (12.81) | 30.94 (11.30) | 43.95 (22.37) | |||||
|
| |||||||||
| Adiponectin µg/mL | MXR | Vigorous | 2.85 (1.58) | 3.14 (1.69) | 3.54 (1.52) | 4.08 (0.82) | 0.06 | 0.62 | 0.68 |
| Moderate | 2.70 (0.94) | 2.67 (0.91) | 2.67 (0.83) | 2.64 (1.29) | |||||
| Placebo | Vigorous | 2.25 (1.35) | 2.41 (1.26) | 2.40 (1.21) | 2.30 (1.15) | ||||
| Moderate | 2.11 (1.16) | 2.09 (1.23) | 2.04 (1.06) | 2.22 (1.11) | |||||
|
| |||||||||
| Adiponectin leptin ratio | MXR | Vigorous | 0.11 (0.11) | 0.15 (0.13) | 0.19 (0.18) | 0.14 (0.11) | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
| Moderate | 0.11 (0.09) | 0.17 (0.15) | 0.12 (0.07) | 0.09 (0.07) | |||||
| Placebo | Vigorous | 0.07 (0.07) | 0.10 (0.06) | 0.09 (0.05) | 0.09 (0.09) | ||||
| Moderate | 0.06 (0.04) | 0.06 (0.04) | 0.07 (0.05) | 0.06 (0.03) | |||||
|
| |||||||||
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) |
MXR | Vigorous | 1.14 (0.39) | 1.18 (0.31) | 1.25 (0.33) | 1.46 (0.39) | 0.72 | 0.002 | 0.24 |
| Moderate | 1.29 (0.26) | 1.24 (0.33) | 1.35 (0.39) | 1.53 (0.42) | |||||
| Placebo | Vigorous | 1.25 (0.25) | 1.17 (0.24) | 1.23 (0.17) | 1.22 (0.17) | ||||
| Moderate | 1.27 (0.44) | 1.32 (0.41) | 1.17 (0.27) | 1.29 (0.41) | |||||
|
| |||||||||
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) |
MXR | Vigorous | 2.34 (0.60) | 2.35 (0.71) | 2.22 (0.47) | 1.93 (0.47) | 0.54 | 0.48 | 0.71 |
| Moderate | 2.11 (0.68) | 2.01 (0.58) | 2.19 (0.49) | 2.46 (0.55) | |||||
| Placebo | Vigorous | 2.31 (0.68) | 2.13 (0.57) | 2.36 (0.44) | 2.35 (0.86) | ||||
| Moderate | 2.26 (0.73) | 2.22 (0.69) | 2.10 (0.74) | 2.13 (0.51) | |||||
|
| |||||||||
| Triglycerides | MXR | Vigorous | 1.59 (0.87) | 1.52 (1.10) | 1.19 (0.63) | 1.10 (0.71) | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.28 |
| Moderate | 0.92 (0.54) | 0.91 (0.51) | 0.89 (0.46) | 0.73 (0.43) | |||||
| Placebo | Vigorous | 1.33 (0.65) | 1.30 (0.70) | 1.12 (0.45) | 1.24 (0.82) | ||||
| Moderate | 1.10 (0.65) | 0.95 (0.58) | 1.03 (0.49) | 1.13 (0.59) | |||||
|
| |||||||||
| Systolic BP z score | MXR | Vigorous | −0.02 (1.18) | −0.25 (1.05) | −0.41 (1.11) | 0.11 (0.12) | |||
| Moderate | 0.52 (1.16) | 0.16 (0.85) | 0.11 (0.78) | 0.06 (0.76) | 0.39 | 0.23 | 0.88 | ||
| Placebo | Vigorous | 0.21 (0.95) | −0.02 (0.86) | 0.03 (1.03) | 0.18 (0.87) | ||||
| Moderate | 0.15 (0.90) | 0.20 (1.05) | 0.24 (0.92) | 0.39 (0.75) | |||||
|
| |||||||||
| Diastolic BP z score | MXR | Vigorous | 0.14 (−0.22) | −0.22 (1.00) | −0.24 (0.81) | −0.04 (0.29) | |||
| Moderate | −0.08 (0.76) | −0.20 (0.69) | −0.16 (0.65) | −0.47 (0.83) | 0.07 | 0.25 | 0.80 | ||
| Placebo | Vigorous | 0.56 (1.06) | 0.40 (0.65) | 0.32 (0.66) | 0.16 (1.00) | ||||
| Moderate | −0.02 (0.86) | 0.19 (0.97) | −0.28 (0.64) | 0.10 (0.87) | |||||
|
| |||||||||
| PAT | MXR | Vigorous | 1.68 (0.45) | 1.73 (0.41) | 1.44 (0.28) | 1.76 (0.46) | 0.11 | 0.001 | 0.80 |
| Moderate | 1.91 (0.93) | 1.82 (0.45) | 1.65 (0.40) | 1.96 (0.50) | |||||
| Placebo | Vigorous | 1.70 (0.43) | 1.64 (0.42) | 1.56 (0.41) | 1.46 (0.29) | ||||
| Moderate | 1.94 (0.44) | 1.92 (0.55) | 1.75 (0.57) | 1.86 (0.57) | |||||