Table 4.
Multivariate analysis of factors potentially associated with asymptomatic malaria infection among school children.
| Risk factors | Malaria | Total | OR (95%CI) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive | Negative | COR | AOR | |||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 13 (9.8)∗ | 119 (90.2) | 132 (34.3) | 2.02 (0.85, 4.80) | 0.966 (0.344, 2.713) | 0.125 |
| Female | 13 (5.1) | 240 (94.9) | 253 (65.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| 6–10 | 11 (15.1) | 62 (84.9) | 73 (19) | 3.51 (1.43, 8.59) | 1.255 (1.049, 1.331) | 0.015 |
| 11–15 | 15 (4.8) | 297 (95.2) | 312 (81) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Resident | ||||||
| Urban | 19 (6.6) | 269 (93.4) | 288 (74.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.840 |
| Rural | 7 (7.2) | 90 (92.8) | 97 (25.2) | 1.10 (0.41, 2.89) | 1.278 (0.428, 3.830) | |
| Grade | ||||||
| One–four | 17 (13.8) | 111 (86.2) | 128 (33.2) | 4.22 (1.71, 10.60) | 1.285 (1.007, 1.053) | 0.040 |
| Five–eight | 9 (3.5) | 248 (96.5) | 257 (66.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Mothers/guardian educational status | ||||||
| Illiterate | 5 (3.5) | 139 (96.5) | 144 (37.4) | 0.02 (0.08, 1.04) | 3.767 (0.933, 15.206) | 1.107 |
| Reading and writing/1 year | 13 (7.7) | 159 (92.3) | 172 (44.6) | 0.66 (0.24, 1.85) | 1.452 (0.460, 4.581) | |
| 2 years at school and above | 8 (11) | 65 (89) | 73 (19.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Family size | ||||||
| ≤4 | 10 (9) | 101 (91) | 111 (28.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.562 |
| 5–7 | 12 (5.6) | 203 (94.4) | 215 (55.8) | 0.60 (0.60, 1.55) | 2.304 (0.776, 6.843) | |
| ≥8 | 4 (6.8) | 55 (93.2) | 59 (15.4) | 0.73 (0.18, 2.71) | 3.138 (0.630, 15.588) | |
| Years of stay | ||||||
| <5 years | 3 (4.5) | 66 (95.5) | 69 (17.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.218 |
| 5–10 years | 10 (10.4) | 84 (89.6) | 94 (24.4) | 2.54 (0.61, 12.18) | 1.018 (0.178, 5.832) | |
| >10 years | 13 (5.9) | 209 (94.1) | 222 (57.7) | 1.33 (0.34, 6.06) | 1.144 (0.240, 5.177) | |
| Swampy area | ||||||
| Present | 2 (3.7) | 52 (96.3) | 54 (14.0) | 0.49 (0.08, 2.24) | 1.189 (0.212, 6.004) | 0.339 |
| Absent | 24 (7.3) | 307 (92.7) | 331 (86.0) | 1.00 | ||
| Bed net usage | ||||||
| Always | 2 (1.7) | 115 (98.3) | 117 (30.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.011 |
| Sometimes/not at all | 24 (9) | 244 (91.0) | 268 (69.6) | 5.66 (1.27, 35.23) | 2.111 (1.200, 3.604) | |
| Ever sick by malaria before | ||||||
| Yes | 23 (8.0) | 264 (92.0) | 284 (73.7) | 2.97 (0.76, 11.82) | 0.156 (0.002, 1.574) | 0.150 |
| No | 3 (3.1) | 95 (96.9) | 101 (26.3) | 100 | 1.00 | |
| Frequency of illness | ||||||
| <5 malaria episodes | 15 (4.5) | 321 (95.5) | 336 (87.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.001 |
| >5 malaria episodes | 9 (14.9) | 40 (85.1) | 49 (12.7) | 4.82 (1.81, 12.67) | 3.185 (1.063, 7.064) | |
| Treated for symptomatic malaria cases | ||||||
| Yes | 23 (7.8)◊ | 243 (92.2) | 266 (69.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.076 |
| No | 3 (3.3)◊ | 107 (96.7) | 110 (30.9) | 3.38 (0.94, 14.44) | 5.132 (0.596, 44.165) | |
| Total | 26 (6.8) | 359 (93.2) | 385 (100) | |||
*Figures in parentheses indicate percentages.
◊Only for previous malaria episode.