Table 1.

Expression pattern of TNMD, Tnmd.

Species	Experimental source	Methods	Expression domains	References
Human	Musculoskeletal tissues	Real-time PCR	Tendon, fat, muscle in	Jelinsky et al., 2010
	CTC from patients	IHC	Elastin-rich mid layer of CTC	Kimura et al., 2008
	Adipose tissue	DNA-MA, Real-time PCR	Lean and obese adipose subcutaneous tissue, more specifically mammary glands, omental fat, tongue superior part and main corpus, but also urethra, coronary artery, oral mucosa, ovary, skeletal muscle, bone marrow, colon, substantia nigra and pituitary gland	Saiki et al., 2009
	Cultured cells	ICC	Bone marrow-derived MSCs expressing Scx	Alberton et al., 2012
		PCR	TSPCs	Bi et al., 2007
Porcine	Pig heart and eyes	RT-PCR, WB	Chordae and eye	Kimura et al., 2008
Rabbit	1-week-old Japanese white rabbits	ISH	Achilles tendon	Yukata et al., 2010
	12-week-old Japanese white rabbits	PCR	CTC interstitial cells	Kimura et al., 2008
Rat	Rotator cuff healing model in 19-21-week-old rats	Real-time PCR ISH	Healing tissues at 2-, 4-, 6-, 8-, 12-weeks, but significantly upregulated in animals treated with FGF-2 at weeks 4, 6, 8 and 12 compared to normally healing tendons Midsubstance of tendon at 2- and 8-weeks	Tokunaga et al., 2015
	Achilles tendon healing model with 9-10-week-old rats	RT-PCR	Upregulation in the normally loaded Achilles tendon compared to the animal where normal loading of the muscle-tendon unit was prevented by intramuscular Botox injection	Eliasson et al., 2009
Mouse	Embryos	NB	Whole embryos at E15.5 and E17.5	Oshima et al., 2003
			High expression in skeletal muscle, diaphragm and eye, weak signals in brain, lung, liver, heart, kidney, skin, thymus and perichondrium- and periosteum-free rib cartilage	Brandau et al., 2001
		IHC	Secondary lens fibres and retina at E16.5	Oshima et al., 2003
		ISH	Tendon of extrinsic ocular muscle, sclera, equatorial lens, epithelial cells at E16.5 Tendons at E14.5, E15.5, and E16.5	Oshima et al., 2003
			CD31- negative regions of tendons at E16.5. Strong signals in limb tendons and cruciate ligaments, tendons of the masculus flexor digitorum, ligament intercostal, diaphragm, cortex, medulla of the thymus at E17.5	Shukunami et al., 2008
		PCR	Heart from E14.5 to E18.5	Kimura et al., 2008
	New-born	IHC	Patellar ligament, anterior and posterior cruciate ligament, Achilles tendon of Sox9Cre/+;R26R	Sugimoto et al., 2013
		RT-PCR	Heart	Kimura et al., 2008
	2- and 3-week-old mice	IHC	Peridontal ligaments	Komiyama et al, 2013
	4-week-old mice	NB/WB	Whole eye, skin	Oshima et al., 2003
		PCR	Whole eye, cornea, retina, sclera with ocular muscles
		ISH	Cornea, sclera, retina
			Tendon, epimysium of skeletal muscle	Shukunami et al., 2001
		WB	Skeletal muscle	Oshima et al., 2004
		IHC	Achilles tendon	Docheva et al., 2005
		NB	High in tendon, low in eye and muscle
	Cultured cells	PCR/IHC	TSPC	Bi et al., 2007; Alberton et al., 2015
Chick	Embryos (from HH stage 23-41)	ISH	Tendon primordia and tendons	Shukunami et al., 2006
			Tendon primordia and tendons, ligaments and perichondrium	Shukunami et al., 2008
			Hind limb tendons at HH stage 30	Takimoto et al, 2012
		NB	Whole embryos from HH stage 25 to stage 35, tendon, skeletal muscle, heart, skin and eye at HH stage 45
	Cultured cells	NB	Tenocytes isolated from leg tendons at HH stage 41	Takimoto et al, 2012

Abbreviations: CTC, chordae tendineae cordis; DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid; E, embryonic day; HC, immunohistochemistry; HH, Hamburger Hamilton; ICC, immunocytochemistry; ISH, in situ hybridization; MA, microarray; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; NB, Northern blot; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; RT, reverse transcriptase; Scx, scleraxis; TSPC, tendon stem/progenitor cell; WB, western blot.