Table 1. Baseline characteristics of participants who did not develop incident CVD and those who developed incident CVD.
| No CVD events (N = 3370) | CVD events (N = 126) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD)/N (%) | Mean (SD)/N (%) | ||
| Age, years | 52.93 (8.89) | 61.45 (11.72) | <0.001 |
| Ethnicity (Chinese/Malay/Indian) | 1625 (48.22)/1249 (37.06)/496 (14.72) | 37 (29.37)/61 (48.41)/28 (22.22) | <0.001 |
| Gender, male | 1603 (47.57) | 97 (76.98) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.74 (4.54) | 25.21 (4.49) | 0.257 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 135.85 (20.96) | 153.83 (25.73) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 79.17 (10.69) | 85.60 (13.07) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.37 (0.96) | 5.57 (1.15) | 0.023 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.39 (0.34) | 1.22 (0.27) | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 3.41 (0.92) | 3.50 (0.72) | 0.524 |
| Estimate glomerular filtration rate, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 83.38 (16.87) | 72.41 (17.37) | <0.001 |
| High sensitivity C-reactive protein, mg/L | 3.00 (6.52) | 3.50 (7.51) | 0.416 |
| Microalbuminuria, yes | 460 (13.65) | 45 (35.71) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, yes | 1099 (32.61) | 57 (45.24) | 0.003 |
| Hypertension, yes | 1576 (46.77) | 92 (73.02) | <0.001 |
| Current smoking, yes | 577 (14.15) | 42 (33.33) | <0.001 |
| Retinal arteriolar caliber, μm | 141.66 (14.54) | 137.59 (15.78) | 0.002 |
| Retinal venular caliber, μm | 219.80 (20.67) | 224.16 (21.0) | 0.002 |
| Any retinopathy, yes | 285 (8.37) | 25 (19.84) | <0.001 |
*p-value for differences between subjects who did not develop incident CVD and those who developed incident CVD, by t-test or chi-square test as appropriate.