Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the studied subjects.
| Total | Men | Women | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 599 | 315 | 284 | |
| Age (years) | 46.1 ± 10.0 | 45.5 ± 10.0 | 46.8 ± 9.9 | 0.125 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 113.1 ± 16.2 | 114.1 ± 14.4 | 112.0 ± 17.9 | 0.127 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 75.0 ± 10.0 | 76.9 ± 9.7 | 73.1 ± 9.9 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 199.0 ± 36.4 | 201.3 ± 36.9 | 196.5 ± 35.8 | 0.108 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 55.3 ± 14.3 | 49.8 ± 12.0 | 61.3 ± 14.2 | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 116.2 ± 32.9 | 118.8 ± 33.9 | 113.3 ± 31.5 | 0.041 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 142.9 ± 119.5 | 173.4 ± 148.6 | 109.5 ± 60.6 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.3 ± 3.4 | 25.0 ± 3.1 | 23.6 ± 3.6 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 5.0 | 5.7 | 4.2 | 0.404 |
| Current smokers (%) | 19.5 | 33.7 | 3.9 | <0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 96.4 ± 22.6 | 99.1 ± 26.0 | 93.5 ± 17.7 | 0.003 |
| Fasting serum insulin (μU/mL) | 9.2 ± 4.8 | 9.8 ± 5.6 | 8.5 ± 3.7 | 0.001 |
| HOMA-IR index | 2.2 ± 1.4 | 2.4 ± 1.6 | 2.0 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
| QUICKI | 0.35 ± 0.02 | 0.34 ± 0.03 | 0.35 ± 0.02 | <0.001 |
| Adiponectin (mg/L) | 7.2 ± 5.2 | 5.5 ± 4.0 | 9.1 ± 5.7 | <0.001 |
| Resistin (ng/mL) | 18.5 ± 14.4 | 17.7 ± 12.0 | 19.4 ± 16.5 | 0.137 |
| Lipocalin-2 (ng/mL) | 79.9 ± 52.1 | 83.1 ± 59.8 | 76.5 ± 42.0 | 0.104 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 1.1 ± 1.4 | 1.1 ± 1.4 | 1.2 ± 1.4 | 0.186 |
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 262.6 ± 68.3 | 260.3 ± 70.3 | 265.1 ± 66.1 | 0.389 |
| sE-selectin (ng/mL) | 53.2 ± 25.2 | 59.8 ± 26.0 | 45.8 ± 22.0 | <0.001 |
| sP-selectin (ng/mL) | 138.4 ± 115.4 | 152.9 ± 131.1 | 122.4 ± 92.8 | 0.001 |
| SAA (mg/L) | 5.3 ± 11.1 | 5.9 ± 13.3 | 4.7 ± 8.0 | 0.403 |
| sICAM1 (ng/mL) | 240.0 ± 110.9 | 241.7 ± 108.9 | 238.1 ± 113.2 | 0.730 |
| sVCAM1 (ng/mL) | 491.0 ± 132.8 | 493.9 ± 150.0 | 487.7 ± 110.9 | 0.706 |
| MMP1 (pg/mL) | 470.1 ± 1163.3 | 339.5 ± 550.5 | 614.0 ± 1573.7 | 0.689 |
| MMP2 (ng/mL) | 127.1 ± 40.8 | 124.0 ± 41.2 | 130.5 ± 40.1 | 0.053 |
| MMP-9 (ng/mL) | 142.0 ± 111.4 | 152.9 ± 114.9 | 129.8 ± 106.2 | 0.012 |
| MCP1 (pg/mL) | 73.4 ± 58.7 | 78.7 ± 66.7 | 67.5 ± 48.0 | 0.006 |
| sTNFRII (pg/mL) | 3262.4 ± 932.4 | 3322.7 ± 978.8 | 3195.9 ± 875.3 | 0.093 |
| IL6 (pg/mL) | 3.95 ± 7.28 | 4.00 ± 8.28 | 3.90 ± 5.98 | 0.127 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 83.9 ± 20.6 | 86.7 ± 20.8 | 80.63 ± 19.8 | 0.001 |
BP, blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; CRP, C-reactive protein; SAA, serum amyloid A; sE-selectin, soluble E-selectin; sP-selectin, soluble P-selectin; sICAM1, soluble intercellular adhesive molecule 1; sVCAM1, soluble vascular cell adhesive molecule 1; MMP-1, matrix metalloproteinase-1; MMP-2, matrix metalloproteinase-2; MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase-9; MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1; sTNFR2, soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor 2; IL6, interleukin-6; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate. Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation. HDL-C, LDL-C, total cholesterol, triglyceride, CRP, SAA, sICAM1, sVCAM1, sE-selectin, sP-selectin, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, YKL-40, MCP-1, and sTNFRII values were logarithmically transformed before statistical testing to meet the assumption of normal distributions; however, the untransformed data are shown. BP levels and lipid variables were analyzed with the exclusion of subjects using antihypertensive drugs and/or lipid-lowering agents, respectively. Fasting plasma glucose and insulin, QUICKI, and HOMA-IR index were analyzed with the exclusion of antidiabetic medications.