Table 1.
Sample characteristics.
| T2DM Mean (SD) or n (%) n = 270 |
No T2DM Mean (SD) or n (%) n = 181 |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 67.3 (6.7) | 72.9 (6.7) | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 159 (59) | 97 (54) | 0.27 |
| Formal education (years) | 11.2 (3.6) | 11.0 (3.9) | 0.61 |
| Systolic blood pressure (SBP) (mmHg) | 135 (19) | 137 (19) | 0.23 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (mmHg) | 76 (10) | 78 (11) | 0.01 |
| Self-reported history of hypertension or mean SBP >140 or mean DBP >90 mmHg | 223 (83) | 123 (68) | <0.001 |
| Use of blood pressure lowering medications | 190 (70) | 85 (47) | <0.001 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 57 (21) | 27 (15) | 0.01 |
| TIA or stroke | 22 (8) | 9 (5) | 0.19 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 127 (47) | 10 (6) | <0.001 |
| Statin use | 163 (60) | 45 (25) | 0.005 |
| Ever smoked | 144 (53) | 89 (49) | 0.36 |
| Alcohol intake (g/day)∗ | 12 (17) | 17 (20) | 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.7 (5.1) | 27.6 (4.3) | <0.001 |
| Waist-hip ratio | 0.96 (0.09) | 0.90 (0.09) | <0.001 |
| Median steps per day∗ (IQR) | 5584 (3856–8461) | 6328 (4471–8362) | 0.21 |
| GDS score∗ | 2.4 (2.6) | 1.5 (1.6) | 0.001 |
| Gray matter volume (mL) | 661.1 (64.4) | 656.4 (63.7) | 0.47 |
| White matter volume (mL) | 499.8 (53.2) | 493.5 (49.3) | 0.23 |
| White matter hyperintensity volume (mL) | 9.80 (6.3) | 10.6 (7.1) | 0.25 |
| MRI infarct (presence) | 54 (19) | 22 (12) | 0.03 |
| MRI microbleed (presence) | 9 (3) | 12 (6) | 0.79 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | 7.7 (2.1) | 5.3 (0.6) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.1 (1.2) | 5.6 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| Age at diabetes diagnosis† | 57.6 (10.9) | NA | |
| Median duration of T2DM (years)† (IQR) | 6 (4–11) | NA | |
| Insulin use† | 53 (20) | NA |
T2DM: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; TIA: Transient Ischemic Attack; BMI: Body Mass Index; GDS: Geriatric Depression Scale; MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging; SD: Standard Deviation; NA: not applicable; IQR: interquartile range; ∗Mann-Whitney U test; †in those with T2DM.