Table 2.

Association between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and retinal measurements^∗.

Retinal variable	Model 1 β (95% CI)	Model 2 β (95% CI)	Model 3 β (95% CI)
Arteriolar measures
Length, pixels	14.38 (−36.27 to 65.04)	13.01 (−42.00 to 68.01)	31.15 (−37.76 to 94.06)
Diameter, pixels	0.48 (0.05 to 0.91)†	0.34 (−0.13 to 0.80)	0.01 (−0.52 to 0.54)
Length/diameter ratio	0.08 (−2.11 to 2.26)	0.12 (−2.24 to 2.49)	1.24 (−1.46 to 3.95)
Simple tortuosity	0.007 (−0.001 to 0.02)	0.006 (−0.003 to 0.01)	0.006 (−0.003 to 0.02)
Internal angle (°)	2.89 (−0.34 to 6.12)	2.83 (−0.66 to 6.33)	2.63 (−1.50 to 6.76)
Optimality ratio	0.01 (0.001 to 0.02)†	0.01 (−0.01 to 0.02)	0.004 (−0.01 to 0.02)
Venular measures
Length, pixels	3.87 (−31.40 to 39.14)	21.30 (−16.43 to 50.02)	8.30 (−35.99 to 52.59)
Diameter, pixels	0.08 (−0.61 to 0.77)	−0.21 (−0.95 to 0.54)	−0.45 (−1.32 to 0.43)
Length/diameter ratio	0.18 (−1.12 to 1.47)	0.95 (−0.44 to 2.33)	0.65 (−0.98 to 2.27)
Simple tortuosity	0.001 (−0.001 to 0.003)	0.002 (−0.001 to 0.004)	0.001 (−0.002 to 0.004)
Retinopathy
Any retinopathy (odds ratio)	1.00 (0.68 to 1.47)	1.47 (0.96 to 2.26)	1.41 (0.85 to 2.32)

^∗Including nonsymmetrical second-order vessels for all bifurcations.

Model 1 unadjusted.

Model 2 adjusted for age and sex.

Model 3 adjusted for age, sex, and vascular risk factors (history of smoking, hypertension, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, BMI and history of stroke, ischemic heart disease, and hyperlipidaemia).

^† p value < 0.05.