Table 1.

Application of bacteriophages and phage proteins for biofilm removal.

Phage or phage protein	Scope of application	Bacteria	Efficacy of the treatment	Reference
Phages LiMN4L, LiMN4p, and LiMN17	Stainless steel	L. monocytogenes	Phage cocktail reduced biofilm cell counts to undetectable levels after 75 min	Ganegama-Arachchi et al., 2013
Phage P100	Stainless steel	L. monocytogenes	Reduction in the cell counts from 3.5 to 5.4 log units/cm2	Soni and Nannapaneni, 2010
Phage P100	Stainless steel	L. monocytogenes	Reduction of the biofilm cell counts to undetectable levels after 48 h	Montañez-Izquierdo et al., 2012
Phage K and phage derivatives	Polystyrene	S. aureus	Complete elimination of the biomass after 72 h of incubation. Complete inhibition of biofilm formation was achieved when co-culturing phage mixture and bacteria	Kelly et al., 2012
Phage K and DRA88	Polystyrene	S. aureus	Complete elimination of the biomass after 48 h of treatment	Alves et al., 2014
Phages ISP, Romulus, and Remus	Polystyrene	S. aureus	Biofilm reduction of 37.8, 34.4, and 60.4% after 24 h treatment when using phages ISP, Romulus, and Remus, respectively	Vandersteegen et al., 2013
Phages phiIPLA-RODI and phiIPLA-C1C	Polystyrene	S. aureus	Reduction by 2 log units/well was achieved after 8 h of treatment	Gutiérrez et al., 2015b
Phage SAP-26	Polystyrene	S. aureus	Reduction of bacteria about 28% after phage treatment, while a synergistic effect with rifampicin allows a reduction of about 65%	Rahman et al., 2011
Phage CP8 and CP30	Glass	C. jejuni	Reduction in the biofilm cell counts of 1–3 log units/cm2	Siringan et al., 2011
Phage KH1	Stainless steel	E. coli O157:H7	Reduction of 1.2 log units per coupon after 4 days treatment at 4°C	Sharma et al., 2005
BEC8 (phage mixture)	Stainless steel, ceramic tile, and high density polyethylene	E. coli O157:H7	Reduction of the biofilm cell counts to undetectable levels after 1 h of treatment at 37, 23, and 12°C	Viazis et al., 2011
Phage mixture	Spinach harvester blade	E. coli O157:H7	Reduction of biofilm cell counts by 4.5 log units per blade after 2 h of treatment	Patel et al., 2011
Phage T4	Polystyrene	E. coli O157:H7	Complete elimination of the biomass after phage treatment combined with cefotaxime	Ryan et al., 2012
Endolysin from phage phi11	Polystyrene	S. aureus	Complete elimination of the biomass after 2 h of treatment at 37°C	Sass and Bierbaum, 2007
Endolysin SAL-2	Polystyrene	S. aureus	Reduction of the biomass after 2 h of treatment at 37°C	Son et al., 2010
Endolysin LysH5	Polystyrene	S. aureus	Reduction of biofilm cell counts by 1–3 log units after 3 h of treatment	Gutiérrez et al., 2014
Domain CHAPK derived from endolysin LysK	Polystyrene	S. aureus	Complete elimination of the biomass after 4 h of incubation Complete inhibition of biofilm formation was achieved	Fenton et al., 2013
Chimeric lysin ClyH	Polystyrene	S. aureus	Reduction of the biomass in more than 60% after 30 min of treatment	Yang et al., 2014
Endolysin Lys68	Polystyrene	S. Typhimurium	Reduction of biofilm cell counts by 1 log unit after 2 h of treatment in the presence of outer membrane permeabilizers	Oliveira et al., 2014
Exopolysaccharide depolymerase Dpo7	Polystyrene	S. aureus	Degradation of 30% of the polysaccharidic matrix of the biofilm	Gutiérrez et al., 2015a