Table 3.

Celiac disease risk in relation to each specific maternal and perinatal condition for all children and divided for boys and girls, respectively (Results from the bivariate analysis)

Maternal and perinatal exposures		All children		Boys		Girls
		OR (95 % CI)	P-value	OR (95 % CI)	P-value	OR (9 5% CI)	P-value
Maternal age (years)	<25	1.0		1.0		1.0
	25–29	1.1 (1.1–1.2)	0.01	1.1 (0.9–1.3)	0.06	1.1 (1.1–1.2)	0.005
	30–34	0.9 (0.9–1.0)	0.4	0.9 (0.9–1.1)	0.68	1.9 (1.9–1.1)	0.4
	≥35	0.7 (0.7–0.8)	<0.001	0.7 (0.6–0.9)	<0.001	0.8 (0.7–0.8)	<0.001
Disposable income (per 100 SEK)	Low	1.0		1.0		1.0
	Middle	1.2 (1.1–1.2)	<0.001	1.1 (1.0–1.3)	0.07	1.2 (1.1–1.2)	<0.001
	High	0.8 (0.8–0.9)	<0.001	0.8 (0.7–0.9)	<0.001	0.8 (0.8–0.9)	<0.001
Smoking during pregnancy	No	1.0		1.0		1.0
	Yes	1.0 (0.9–1.1)	0.59	0.9 (0.9–1.1)	0.57	1.1 (0.9–1.2)	0.25
Body mass index (kg/m2)	18.50–24.99	1.0		1.0		1.0
	<18.50	1.0 (0.9–1.2)	0.87	0.9 (0.8–1.3)	0.95	1.0 (0.8–1.3)	0.86
	25.00–29.99	0.9 (0.9–0.9)	0.03	0.9 (0.8–0.9)	0.03	0.9 (0.9–1.0)	0.27
	≥30	0.9 (0.8–1.0)	0.06	0.9 (0.7–1.0)	0.05	0.9 (0.8–1.1)	0.40
Parity (n)	1	1.0		1.0		1.0
	2	1.1 (1.1–1.2)	<0.001	1.1 (1.1–1.2)	0.01	1.2 (1.1–1.2)	<0.001
	≥3	0.9 (0.9–0.9)	0.03	0.9 (0.9–1.1)	0.51	0.9 (0.8–0.9)	0.02
Duration of pregnancy (weeks)	37–45	1.0		1.0		1.0
	<37	0.8 (0.7–0.9)	0.001	0.8 (0.7–0.9)	0.04	0.9 (0.7–0.9)	0.02
Premature rupture of the membrane	No	1.00		1.0		1.00
	Yes	0.6 (0.5–0.9)	0.002	0.4 (0.2–0.7)	0.001	0.8 (0.6–1.2)	0.28
Mode of delivery	Vaginal	1.0		1.0		1.0
	Caesarean	0.9 (0.9–1.0)	0.09	0.9 (0.9–1.1)	0.49	0.9 (0.9–1.1)	0.25
Caesarean delivery	Vaginal	1.0		1.0		1.0
	Elective	0.9 (0.8–1.0)	0.14	0.8 (0.7–1.0)	0.03	0.9 (0.9–1.1)	0.73
	Emergency	0.9 (0.9–1.1)	0.43	1.1 (0.9–1.2)	0.29	0.9 (0.8–1.1)	0.23
Infant birth weight (grams)	≥2500	1.0		1.0		1.0
	1500–2499	0.9 (0.8–1.0)	0.16	0.9 (0.7–1.1)	0.38	0.9 (0.8–1.0)	0.15
	<1500	0.6 (0.4–0.9)	0.01	0.4 (0.2–0.8)	0.01	0.7 (0.5–1.1)	0.15
Sex	Male	1.0
	Female	1.8 (1.8–1.9)	<0.001
Small for gestational age	No	1.0		1.0		1.0
	Yes	0.9 (0.8–1.1)	0.46	0.9 (0.7–1.3)	0.69	0.9 (0.8–1.2)	0.49
Apgar score at 5 min	≥7	1.0		1.0		1.0
	<7	0.6 (0.4–0.8)	<0.001	0.8 (0.5–1.1)	0.18	0.5 (0.3–0.8)	0.001
Maternal infectionsa	No	1.0		1.0		1.0
	Yes	1.1 (1.0–1.2)	0.01	1.0 (0.9–1.2)	0.67	1.1 (1.0–1.2)	0.005
Neonatal infections	No	1.0		1.0		1.0
	Yes	1.1 (0.9–1.2)	0.43	1.2 (0.9–1.7)	0.24	1.1 (0.8–1.5)	0.50

OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, SEK Swedish Krona: Bivariate logistic regression analyses were performed for all variables, and results reported regardless of statistical significance

^aIncludes both urinary tract infection and other maternal infections