Table 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics of survivors and non-survivors in the post-resuscitation phase of septic shock
| Variables | Septic shock | Survivors | Non-survivors | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 88) | (n = 36) | (n = 52) | ||
| Age, years | 38 ± 15 | 34 ± 13 | 41 ± 16 | 0.00* |
| Gender, female, n (%) | 36 (41) | 14 (39) | 22 (42) | 0.83 |
| Type of illness, n (%) | ||||
| Medical | 80 (91) | 35 (44) | 45 (56) | 0.75 |
| Surgical | 8 (9) | 1 (12) | 7 (88) | 0.15 |
| Nature of illness, n (%) | ||||
| Lung disease | 46 (52) | 14 (39) | 32 (61) | 0.05 |
| Renal disease | 36 (41) | 12 (33) | 24 (46) | 0.27 |
| Comorbid illness, n (%) | 34 (39) | 14 (41) | 20 (59) | 1.0 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 20 (23) | 8 (40) | 12 (60) | 1.0 |
| Hypertension | 10 (11) | 4 (40) | 6 (60) | 1.0 |
| Severity scores | ||||
| APACHE-II | 16.5 ± 7.1 | 14.6 ± 7.0 | 17.9 ± 6.9 | 0.02* |
| SOFA | 10.2 ± 4.5 | 10.1 ± 4.2 | 10.3 ± 4.7 | 0.02* |
| Laboratory | ||||
| Hemoglobin, g/dl | 10.2 ± 6.5 | 9.1 ± 2.2 | 10.9 ± 8.2 | 0.19 |
| TLC, ×103/μL | 17.9 ± 9.5 | 19 ± 12.1 | 17.2 ± 7.2 | 0.06 |
| Platelet, ×103/μL | 143 ± 132 | 160 ± 148 | 130 ± 97 | 0.13 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dl | 5.5 ± 2.8 | 2.4 ± 2.5 | 7.6 ± 2.6 | 0.17 |
| Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dl | 54.8 ± 42.2 | 45.1 ± 28.3 | 61.3 ± 48.4 | 0.02* |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dl | 4.0 ± 3.5 | 2.7 ± 1.4 | 5.3 ± 3.6 | 0.00* |
| ALT, U/L | 142 ± 130 | 167 ± 102 | 124 ± 111 | 0.37 |
| AST, U/L | 160 ± 130 | 185.4 ± 106.8 | 141.9 ± 103.5 | 0.23 |
| ALP, U/L | 274 ± 100 | 353.6 ± 182.1 | 215.4 ± 136.4 | 0.47 |
| Albumin, g/dl | 2.9 ± 0.7 | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 2.7 ± 0.4 | 0.00* |
| Hemodynamics | ||||
| Heart rate, bpm | 103 ± 20 | 100 ± 19 | 105 ± 22 | 0.07 |
| MAP, mmHg | 87 ± 9 | 89 ± 11 | 85 ± 8 | <0.001** |
| CVP, mmHg | 8 ± 4 | 8 ± 3 | 9 ± 4 | 0.00* |
| Central venous O2 saturation, % | 73 ± 7 | 73 ± 6 | 73 ± 8 | 0.82 |
| Lactate, mg/dl | 18 ± 11 | 15.9 ± 9 | 18.9 ± 12.8 | 0.01* |
| Acid-base | ||||
| pH | 7.36 ± 0.08 | 7.38 ± 0.05 | 7.35 ± 0.10 | <0.001** |
| Base excess | 2.4 ± 2.3 | 1.5 ± 1.3 | 3.2 ± 2.7 | 0.00* |
| Base deficit | 4.1 ± 3.4 | 4.5 ± 3.5 | 3.9 ± 3.4 | 0.64 |
| PaO2, mmHg | 103 ± 26 | 104 ± 26 | 103 ± 26 | 0.02* |
| PaCO2, mmHg | 42 ± 13 | 39 ± 7 | 44 ± 16 | 0.00* |
| cHCO3 | 23.6 ± 5 | 23 ± 4.1 | 24 ± 5.6 | 0.35 |
| Na+, mEq/L | 140 ± 8.8 | 139 ± 10 | 140 ± 7.8 | 0.25 |
| K+, mEq/L | 4.9 ± 1.6 | 5.5 ± 0.4 | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 0.36 |
| Cl−, mEq/L | 101 ± 6.4 | 100 ± 6.9 | 102 ± 6.1 | 0.57 |
| Mechanical ventilation | ||||
| Invasive ventilation, n (%) | 76 (88) | 30 (43) | 46 (57) | 0.54 |
| PaO2/FiO2 ratio | 251 ± 95 | 254 ± 70 | 248 ± 109 | <0.001** |
| Pressure support, cmH2O | 17 ± 5 | 17 ± 3 | 17 ± 6 | 0.04* |
| PEEP, cmH2O | 8 ± 3 | 9 ± 2 | 8 ± 3 | 0.45 |
| Tidal volume, ml | 420 ± 91 | 459 ± 63 | 395 ± 97 | 0.02* |
| Fluid balance | ||||
| Last 24 h, ml | 1163 ± 940 | 1418 ± 1028 | 1009 ± 868 | 0.60 |
| Positive balance, n (%) | 60 (68) | 20 (33) | 40 (67) | 0.19 |
| Negative balance, n (%) | 20 (23) | 10 (50) | 10 (50) | |
| Urine output | ||||
| Previous 24 h, ml | 1461 ± 1058 | 1658 ± 987 | 1325 ± 1094 | 0.16 |
| Unaided, n (%) | 50 (57) | 22 (44) | 28 (56) | 0.58 |
| Lasix aided, n (%) | 14 (16) | 4 (29) | 10 (71) | |
| Dialysis, n (%) | 14 (16) | 6 (43) | 8 (57) | |
| Hemodynamic support | ||||
| Vasopressors, n (%) | 88 (100) | 36 (44) | 52 (56) | 0.16 |
| Vasopressin, n (%) | 28 (32) | 6 (21) | 22 (79) | 0.02* |
| NADR dose, μg/kg/min | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.10 ± 0.12 | 0.26 ± 0.26 | <0.001** |
| NADR ≥0.1 μg/kg/min | 44 (50) | 8 (18) | 36 (82) | <0.001** |
| Dobutamine, n (%) | 6 (7) | 4 (67) | 2 (33) | 0.22 |
| Event free, days | ||||
| Ventilation | 9 ± 8.5 | 15.7 ± 15 | 3.9 ± 6.3 | <0.001** |
| Vasopressor | 16.4 ± 15.6 | 31.4 ± 30.1 | 5.2 ± 3.7 | <0.001** |
| RRT | 21.1 ± 17 | 32.5 ± 30.5 | 12.6 ± 11.2 | 0.06 |
| Length of ICU stay, days | 21 ± 21 | 33.4 ± 30.9 | 12.1 ± 9.3 | 0.04* |
All measurements are in mean ± SD, unless specified
Abbreviations: APACHE-II acute physiology and chronic health evaluation, SOFA sequential organ failure assessment, ALT alanine transaminase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, ALP alkaline phosphatase, MAP mean arterial pressure, CVP central venous pressure, PaO 2 partial pressure of oxygen, K + potassium, Cl − chloride, PEEP positive end-expiratory pressure, NADR noradrenaline, RRT renal replacement therapy, ICU intensive care unit
*Significant, p < 0.05; **highly significant, p < 0.001