Table 3.

Dimensional and functional echocardiographic parameters of the left heart in septic shock

Dimensional and functional indices of the right heart, mean ± SD	Normal non-indexed population reference limits [15]	Total septic shock (N = 88)	Septic shock		P value	95 % CI of the difference
			Survivor	Non-survivor
			(n = 36)	(n = 52)
Chamber dimensions
RV basal diameter, mm	≤42	33.12 ± 6.66	32.26 ± 5.03	33.75 ± 7.61	0.41	−03.00 to +01.30
RV SC WT, mm	≤5	6.85 ± 1.56	6.71 ± 1.77	6.95 ± 1.42	0.96	−00.80 to +00.75
RVOT-PSAX distal diameter, mm	≤27	23.77 ± 4.61	23.71 ± 3.22	23.82 ± 5.35	0.42	−00.74 to +01.80
RVOT-PLAX proximal diameter, mm	≤33	24.23 ± 4.98	23.71 ± 3.48	24.57 ± 5.76	0.82	−01.30 to +01.60
RA major dimension, mm	≤53	33.33 ± 8.98	32.67 ± 6.06	33.79 ± 10.57	0.98	−02.70 to +02.70
RA minor dimensions, mm	≤44	26.73 ± 8.74	25.97 ± 8.56	27.26 ± 8.91	0.28	−01.10 to +03.70
RA end-systolic area, cm2	≤18	16.40 ± 17.05	20.79 ± 25.31	13.23 ± 4.74	0.80	−06.10 to +04.70
Systolic functions
TAPSE, mm	≥16	23.29 ± 5.84	23.56 ± 4.45	23.10 ± 6.67	0.47	−01.10 to +02.40
PD peak velocity at annulus, cm/s	≥10	71.19 ± 22.41	71.50 ± 22.45	70.97 ± 22.62	0.86	−07.00 to +05.90
PD-MPI	≤0.40	0.81 ± 2.81	0.36 ± 0.08	1.12 ± 3.64	0.16	−01.20 to +00.21
TD-MPI	≤0.55	0.39 ± 0.13	0.40 ± 0.13	0.39 ± 0.13	0.33	−00.07 to +00.20
FAC, %	≥35	42.10 ± 8.92	43.25 ± 6.26	41.36 ± 10.26	0.04	00.08 to +06.40
Diastolic functions
E/A ratio	0.8–2.1	1.34 ± 0.64	1.21 ± 0.43	1.43 ± 0.75	0.22	−00.30 to +00.07
E/E′ ratio	≤6	7.75 ± 4.14	7.00 ± 3.67	8.30 ± 4.42	0.17	−02.20 to +00.40
Deceleration time, ms	≥120	164.88 ± 29.22	169.44 ± 26.29	161.60 ± 30.99	0.50	−06.60 to +13.40

Abbreviations: LV left ventricle, D diastole, S systole, LVWT-IVS LV wall thickness-inter ventricular septum, PW posterior wall, LA left atrium, PD pulse Doppler, MPI myocardial performance index, TD tissue Doppler, LVEF LV ejection fraction