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Secretion of cytokine stimulated by CpG NFs. CpG NFs induce potent immunostimulation, as demonstrated by significantly elevated immunocytokines induced by CpG NFs in ELISA assay. (A–C) ELISA assay results of cytokine secretion stimulated by CpG NFs and other control groups. (D and E) ELISA assay results of cytokine secretion stimulated by different concentrations of CpG NFs with/without treatment with chloroquine.
