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. 2016 May 31;9:3269–3280. doi: 10.2147/OTT.S99989

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© 2016 Nema et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

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S1P metabolic pathway.

Notes: SMase catalyzes the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to produce ceramide. Ceramide is further catabolized by ceramidase to generate sphingosine. S1P is produced by phosphorylation of sphingosine in a reaction catalyzed by SphKs. S1P is exported out through SPNS2 or ABC transporter. Intracellular concentration of S1P is regulated by the balance between its synthesis and further metabolism by (SGPP) and S1P lyase, which degrades S1P into hexadecenal and phosphoethanolamine.

Abbreviations: S1P, sphingosine-1-phosphate; SMase, sphingomyelinase; SphKs, sphingosine kinases; SPNS2, spinster homolog 2; ABC, ATP-binding cassette; SGPP, S1P phosphatase.