Table 1.
Sample characteristics (N= 78)
| Demographics | FAS/PFAS (N = 28) | Heavily exposed nonsyndromal (N = 28) | Control (N = 22) | F or χ2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | ||||
| Education (years)a | 7.1 ± 3.2 | 9.4 ± 2.4 | 10.0 ± 1.5 | 9.18*** |
| Socioeconomic statusa | 15.5 ± 7.8 | 23.4 ± 9.2 | 23.4 ± 7.6 | 7.11** |
| Cigarettes smoked/day during pregnancyb | 9.1 ± 5.1 | 7.7 ± 5.9 | 9.9 ± 12.0 | 0.41 |
| Number (%) smokersc | 25 (89.3) | 22 (78.6) | 11 (50.0) | 10.38** |
| Marijuana use during pregnancy (occasions/month)d | 1.6 ± 1.3 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 2.7 ± 0 | 2.09 |
| Number (%) marijuana users | 3 (10.7) | 2 (7.1) | 1 (4.5) | 0.68 |
| Alcohol use across pregnancy | ||||
| Absolute alcohol consumed/day (oz)e,f | 1.3 ± 1.4 | 0.5 ± 0.5 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 13.68*** |
| Absolute alcohol consumed/occasion (oz)g | 4.2 ± 1.8 | 2.9 ± 1.5 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 54.72*** |
| Frequency (drinking days/week)g | 2.0 ± 1.3 | 1.2 ± 0.9 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 28.84*** |
| Child characteristics | ||||
| Sex: number (%) males | 16 (57.1) | 17 (60.7) | 11 (50.0) | 0.59 |
| Number (%) left-handers | 3 (10.7) | 0 (0) | 1 (4.5) | 3.33 |
| Child's age at assessmenth | 10.5 ± 0.6 | 11.0 ± 0.6 | 10.6 ± 0.5 | 7.08** |
| WISC-IV IQi,j | 64.3 ± 10.9 | 74.5 ± 11.6 | 72.5 ± 10.8 | 6.55** |
| Intracranial volume (cm3)k | 1289 ± 136 | 1369 ± 141 | 1328 ± 132 | 2.38† |
FAS, fetal alcohol syndrome, PFAS, partial fetal alcohol syndrome.
†P < 0.10, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.
aPost hoc Tukey's HSD: FASD < controls (P < 0.01), FASD < HE (P < 0.01).
bMean calculated for smokers only.
cPost hoc Tukey's HSD: FAS/PFAS > controls (P < 0.01), HE > controls (P < 0.05).
dMean for marijuana users only.
e1 oz AA ≈2 standard drinks.
fPost hoc Tukey's HSD: FAS/PFAS > HE (P < 0.01), FAS/PFAS > controls (P < 0.001).
gPost hoc Tukey's HSD: FAS/PFAS > HE (P < 0.01), FAS/PFAS > controls (P < 0.001), HE > controls (P < 0.001).
hPost hoc Tukey's HSD: HE > FAS/PFAS (P < 0.01), HE > controls (P < 0.05).
iWechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fourth Edition.
jPost hoc Tukey's HSD: FAS/PFAS < HE (P < 0.01), FAS/PFAS < controls (P < 0.05).
kPost hoc Tukey's HSD: FAS/PFAS < HE (P < 0.10).