Table 2.
Characteristics of variables according to the dietary GI and GL (by quintile) in men (n=554)
| Dietary GI |
p-value | Dietary GL |
p-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q3 | Q5 | Q1 | Q3 | Q5 | |||
| Age (y) | 43.4±11.6 | 41.2±12.2 | 45.4±14.2 | 0.03 | 39.6±11.7 | 42.4±11.3 | 46.7±13.5 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.2±2.8 | 24.6±3.2 | 24.2±2.7 | 0.74 | 24.4±2.9 | 24.5±3.1 | 24.1±2.7 | 0.63 |
| Education (y) | 0.007 | 0.06 | ||||||
| <9 | 8 (11.0) | 10 (13.7) | 29 (39.7) | 7 (9.6) | 13 (17.8) | 29 (39.7) | ||
| 9-11 | 45 (20.1) | 46 (20.5) | 35 (15.6) | 55 (24.6) | 38 (17.0) | 42 (18.7) | ||
| >12 | 42 (16.3) | 59 (22.9) | 46 (17.9) | 53 (20.6) | 55 (21.4) | 43 (16.7) | ||
| Income | 0.47 | 0.17 | ||||||
| Low | 83 (19.9) | 81 (19.4) | 86 (20.6) | 84 (20.1) | 81 (19.4) | 91 (21.8) | ||
| Middle | 6 (7.2) | 22 (26.5) | 15 (18.1) | 16 (19.3) | 17 (20.5) | 15 (18.1) | ||
| High | 6 (11.3) | 12 (22.6) | 9 (17.0) | 15 (28.3) | 8 (15.1) | 8 (15.1) | ||
| Exercise | 0.82 | 0.61 | ||||||
| No | 58 (17.0) | 61 (17.9) | 71 (20.8) | 76 (22.3) | 63 (18.50) | 69 (20.2) | ||
| Yes | 37 (17.4) | 54 (25.4) | 39 (18.3) | 39 (18.3) | 43 (20.2) | 45 (21.1) | ||
| Smoking | 0.14 | 0.12 | ||||||
| Never | 21 (13.4) | 30 (19.1) | 36 (22.9) | 31 (19.8) | 26 (16.6) | 33 (21.0) | ||
| Former | 28 (16.7) | 37 (22.2) | 29 (17.4) | 30 (17.9) | 29 (17.4) | 43 (25.8) | ||
| Current | 46 (20.0) | 48 (20.8) | 45 (19.6) | 54 (23.5) | 51 (22.2) | 38 (16.5) | ||
| Alcoholic consumption | 0.36 | 0.01 | ||||||
| Non-regular | 19 (16.5) | 23 (20.0) | 27 (23.5) | 21 (18.2) | 21 (18.2) | 41 (35.6) | ||
| Regular | 76 (17.3) | 93 (21.1) | 83 (18.8) | 94 (21.4) | 85 (19.3) | 74 (16.8) | ||
| Nutrient intake1 | ||||||||
| Total energy (kcal/d) | 1893.9±848.0 | 2138.2±623.2 | 1778.5±510.9 | <0.001 | 1911.4±825.7 | 1932.1±680.3 | 2191.5±511.7 | 0.003 |
| Carbohydrate (g/d) | 276.6±62.2 | 313.6±28.9 | 346.2±23.0 | <0.001 | 254.9±44.1 | 321.1±15.4 | 352.7±16.9 | <0.001 |
| Protein (g/d) | 80.0±22.1 | 63.8±9.4 | 53.4±7.1 | <0.001 | 83.9±17.2 | 61.9±7.0 | 52.4±6.4 | <0.001 |
| Fat (g/d) | 50.0±20.4 | 36.5±10.1 | 24.5±8.4 | <0.001 | 57.1±14.4 | 34.1±5.4 | 22.1±6.1 | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol (mg/d) | 307.8±181.4 | 188.3±87.1 | 125.2±59.4 | <0.001 | 328.6±156.5 | 178.3±67.4 | 120.0±65.4 | <0.001 |
| Fiber (g/d) | 8.1±3.5 | 5.3±1.7 | 4.0±1.1 | <0.001 | 6.7±3.5 | 5.3±2.2 | 4.7±1.7 | <0.001 |
Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation.
p-value was obtained using the linear regression analysis or analysis of variance, after adjusting for age (except for the age variable).
GI, glycemic index; GL, glycemic load; Q, quintile; BMI, body mass index.
1
After transformation by the residual method (except total energy).