Table 3.
Characteristics of variables according to the dietary GI and GL (by quintile) in women (n=976)
| Dietary GI |
p-value | Dietary GL |
p-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q3 | Q5 | Q1 | Q3 | Q5 | |||
| Age (y) | 41.1±10.4 | 39.5±10.3 | 43.1±12.1 | 0.01 | 39.6±9.7 | 41.3±11.4 | 44.2±11.4 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.5±2.9 | 22.6±2.8 | 23.1±3.8 | 0.19 | 22.6±3.2 | 22.7±3.0 | 23.6±3.7 | 0.002 |
| Education (y) | 0.03 | 0.50 | ||||||
| <9 | 36 (21.7) | 27 (16.3) | 41 (24.7) | 32 (19.3) | 30 (18.1) | 43 (25.9) | ||
| 9-11 | 87 (19.5) | 97 (21.7) | 96 (21.5) | 80 (17.9) | 85 (19.0) | 97 (21.7) | ||
| >12 | 87 (24.0) | 66 (18.2) | 58 (16.0) | 77 (21.2) | 84 (23.1) | 52 (14.3) | ||
| Income | 0.06 | 0.32 | ||||||
| Low | 161 (22.4) | 140 (19.4) | 148 (20.6) | 148 (20.6) | 141 (19.6) | 144 (20.0) | ||
| Middle | 23 (14.7) | 28 (18.0) | 31 (19.8) | 20 (12.8) | 41 (26.3) | 32 (20.5) | ||
| High | 26 (26.0) | 22 (22.0) | 16 (16.0) | 21 (21.0) | 17 (17.0) | 16 (16.0) | ||
| Menopause | 0.66 | 0.002 | ||||||
| No | 142 (19.5) | 141 (21.4) | 123 (18.0) | 137 (20.6) | 132 (19.8) | 114 (17.1) | ||
| Yes | 68(21.0) | 49 (15.8 | 72 (23.2) | 52 (16.7) | 67 (21.6) | 78 (25.2) | ||
| Exercise | 0.95 | 0.25 | ||||||
| No | 137 (20.6) | 128 (19.3) | 130 (19.6) | 128 (19.3) | 139 (20.9) | 136 (20.52) | ||
| Yes | 73 (23.4) | 62 (19.9) | 65 (20.8) | 61 (19.6) | 60 (19.2) | 56 (17.9) | ||
| Smoking | 0.99 | 0.10 | ||||||
| Never | 193 (21.6) | 168 (18.8) | 180 (20.2) | 167 (18.7) | 186 (20.8) | 180 (20.2) | ||
| Former | 6 (16.7) | 5 (13.9) | 7 (19.4) | 9 (25.0) | 7 (19.4) | 3 (8.3) | ||
| Current | 11 (23.4) | 17 (36.2) | 8 (17.0) | 13 (27.6) | 6 (12.8) | 9 (19.2) | ||
| Alcoholic consumption | 0.57 | 0.01 | ||||||
| Non-regular | 88 (21.7) | 75 (18.5) | 85 (20.9) | 74 (18.2) | 72 (17.8) | 102 (25.2) | ||
| Regular | 122 (19.8) | 115 (20.8) | 110 (19.4) | 115 (20.1) | 127 (22.2) | 90 (15.8) | ||
| Nutrient intake1 | ||||||||
| Total energy (kcal/d) | 1904.6±889.4 | 1887.3±590.5 | 1607.7±457.4 | <0.001 | 1854.3±910.4 | 1704.3±635.8 | 2024.5±537.3 | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate (g/d) | 296.2±50.4 | 322.3±30.5 | 347.8±25.2 | <0.001 | 265.7±38.7 | 329.9±17.5 | 358.4±17.4 | <0.001 |
| Protein (g/d) | 76.4±18.6 | 62.7±8.8 | 54.0±8.2 | <0.001 | 83.7±15.1 | 60.5±6.9 | 52.4±5.8 | <0.001 |
| Fat (g/d) | 44.2±16.8 | 33.9±10.6 | 24.1±9.2 | <0.001 | 53.5±13.6 | 32.0±5.7 | 20.4±6.0 | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol (mg/d) | 266.0±153.3 | 190.1±76.9 | 131.6±84.8 | <0.001 | 325.5±154.2 | 182.5±72.8 | 108.1±61.3 | <0.001 |
| Fiber (g/d) | 8.8±3.9 | 5.8±1.7 | 4.2±1.2 | <0.001 | 7.8±4.2 | 5.8±2.1 | 5.3±1.9 | <0.001 |
Values are presented as number (%) or mean± standard deviation.
p-value was obtained using the linear regression analysis or analysis of variance, after adjusting for age (except for the age variable).
GI, glycemic index; GL, glycemic load; Q, quintile; BMI, body mass index.
1
After transformation by the residual method (except total energy).