Table 5.
Relationship between dietary carbohydrate factors and blood lipids according to BMI status (kg/m2) in women (n=976)
| Dietary GI1 |
Dietary GI2 |
Dietary GL1 |
Dietary GL2 |
CHO (g/d)1 |
CHO (g/d)2 |
CHO (E%) |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (se) | p-value | β (se) | p-value | β (se) | p-value | β (se) | p-value | β (se) | p-value | β (se) | p-value | β (se) | p-value | ||
| Total cholesterol | |||||||||||||||
| BMI<25 | Model 1 | -0.01 (0.23) | 0.97 | 0.41 (0.27) | 0.13 | -0.06 (0.03) | 0.08 | 0.09 (0.07) | 0.20 | -0.06 (0.03) | 0.02 | 0.02 (0.06) | 0.74 | 0.38 (0.24) | 0.12 |
| Model 2 | -0.19 (0.35) | 0.59 | 0.32 (0.38) | 0.39 | -0.08 (0.05) | 0.15 | 0.11 (0.08) | 0.18 | -0.06 (0.04) | 0.11 | 0.07 (0.06) | 0.29 | -0.21 (0.28) | 0.45 | |
| BMI≥25 | Model 1 | 0.15 (0.20) | 0.45 | 0.21 (0.63) | 0.75 | 0.02 (0.08) | 0.81 | 0.03 (0.16) | 0.85 | 0.004 (0.06) | 0.94 | -0.01 (0.13) | 0.94 | 0.47 (0.56) | 0.40 |
| Model 2 | 1.14 (0.89) | 0.21 | 0.77 (0.94) | 0.42 | 0.18 (0.14) | 0.20 | 0.15 (0.21) | 0.47 | 0.09 (0.10) | 0.37 | 0.03 (0.15) | 0.84 | -0.35 (0.80) | 0.66 | |
| LDL cholesterol | |||||||||||||||
| BMI<25 | Model 1 | 0.15 (0.20) | 0.45 | 0.47 (0.23) | 0.04 | -0.03 (0.03) | 0.33 | 0.09 (0.06) | 0.10 | -0.04 (0.02) | 0.07 | 0.01 (0.05) | 0.77 | 0.31 (0.21) | 0.15 |
| Model 2 | -0.07 (0.30) | 0.81 | 0.25 (0.33) | 0.44 | -0.04 (0.05) | 0.39 | 0.09 (0.07) | 0.21 | -0.03 (0.03) | 0.32 | 0.05 (0.06) | 0.36 | -0.19 (0.24) | 0.44 | |
| BMI≥25 | Model 1 | 0.44 (0.47) | 0.35 | 0.38 (0.56) | 0.49 | 0.05 (0.07) | 0.48 | 0.03 (0.14) | 0.83 | 0.02 (0.05) | 0.67 | -0.04 (0.12) | 0.70 | 0.23 (0.48) | 0.63 |
| Model 2 | 1.02 (0.78) | 0.20 | 0.64 (0.83) | 0.44 | 0.14 (0.12) | 0.26 | 0.05 (0.18) | 0.80 | 0.06 (0.09) | 0.53 | -0.06 (0.13) | 0.66 | -0.36 (0.70) | 0.61 | |
| HDL cholesterol | |||||||||||||||
| BMI<25 | Model 1 | -0.02 (0.09) | 0.81 | 0.04 (0.11) | 0.68 | -0.01 (0.01) | 0.47 | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.52 | -0.01 (0.01) | 0.45 | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.51 | -0.15 (0.09) | 0.09 |
| Model 2 | -0.16 (0.14) | 0.26 | -0.04 (0.15) | 0.80 | -0.03 (0.02) | 0.18 | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.69 | -0.02 (0.02) | 0.32 | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.39 | -0.03 (0.11) | 0.78 | |
| BMI≥25 | Model 1 | 0.04 (0.19) | 0.83 | 0.18 (0.22) | 0.43 | -0.02 (0.03) | 0.55 | 0.02 (0.06) | 0.71 | -0.02 (0.02) | 0.43 | -0.01 (0.05) | 0.77 | -0.34 (0.19) | 0.08 |
| Model 2 | 1.20 (0.53) | 0.02 | -0.01 (0.32) | 0.97 | -0.04 (0.05) | 0.44 | -0.01 (0.07) | 0.92 | -0.03 (0.04) | 0.38 | -0.01 (0.05) | 0.88 | -0.06 (0.27) | 0.84 | |
| Triglycerides | |||||||||||||||
| BMI<25 | Model 1 | 0.05 (0.35) | 0.88 | 0.12 (0.41) | 0.77 | -0.01 (0.05) | 0.88 | -0.02 (0.10) | 0.86 | -0.01 (0.04) | 0.73 | -0.07 (0.09) | 0.42 | 1.28 (0.36) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.20 (0.53) | 0.02 | 1.25 (0.57) | 0.03 | 0.09 (0.08) | 0.25 | 0.10 (0.12) | 0.43 | 0.004 (0.06) | 0.92 | -0.09 (0.10) | 0.38 | -0.01 (0.43) | 0.98 | |
| BMI≥25 | Model 1 | 1.08 (1.05) | 0.31 | 1.14 (1.23) | 0.36 | 1.14 (0.75) | 0.13 | 0.35 (0.31) | 0.26 | 0.11 (0.12) | 0.36 | 0.15 (0.26) | 0.56 | 1.34 (1.07) | 0.22 |
| Model 2 | 3.89 (1.73) | 0.03 | 3.01 (1.82) | 0.10 | 0.65 (0.27) | 0.02 | 0.74 (0.39) | 0.06 | 0.39 (0.20) | 0.06 | 0.31 (0.29) | 0.29 | -0.47 (1.52) | 0.76 | |
| Apo A1 | |||||||||||||||
| BMI<25 | Model 1 | -0.03 (0.19) | 0.90 | 0.15 (0.22) | 0.49 | -0.04 (0.03) | 0.22 | -0.01 (0.06) | 0.84 | -0.04 (0.02) | 0.09 | -0.06 (0.05) | 0.26 | -0.03 (0.19) | 0.86 |
| Model 2 | 0.10 (0.29) | 0.74 | 0.23 (0.32) | 0.47 | -0.02 (0.04) | 0.57 | -0.003 (0.07) | 0.96 | -0.03 (0.03) | 0.30 | -0.04 (0.05) | 0.45 | 0.23 (0.23) | 0.33 | |
| BMI≥25 | Model 1 | -0.58 (0.40) | 0.14 | -0.20 (0.47) | 0.67 | -0.12 (0.06) | 0.03 | -0.03 (0.12) | 0.79 | -0.09 (0.04) | 0.04 | 0.02 (0.10) | 0.86 | -0.42 (0.39) | 0.29 |
| Model 2 | -0.60 (0.66) | 0.37 | -0.20 (0.69) | 0.77 | -0.09 (0.10) | 0.37 | 0.04 (0.15) | 0.79 | -0.03 (0.07) | 0.69 | 0.10 (0.11) | 0.35 | -0.16 (0.57) | 0.78 | |
| Apo B | |||||||||||||||
| BMI<25 | Model 1 | 0.15 (0.16) | 0.34 | 0.28 (0.18) | 0.12 | -0.01 (0.02) | 0.58 | 0.003 (0.05) | 0.94 | -0.03 (0.02) | 0.15 | -0.07 (0.04) | 0.10 | 0.55 (0.17) | 0.001 |
| Model 2 | -0.02 (0.23) | 0.93 | 0.14 (0.25) | 0.58 | -0.04 (0.03) | 0.26 | -0.03 (0.05) | 0.54 | -0.04 (0.03) | 0.11 | -0.06 (0.04) | 0.14 | 0.11 (0.19) | 0.55 | |
| BMI≥25 | Model 1 | -0.12 (0.36) | 0.75 | -0.09 (0.42) | 0.84 | -0.02 (0.05) | 0.77 | -0.02 (0.11) | 0.86 | -0.01 (0.04) | 0.84 | -0.01 (0.09) | 0.93 | 0.62 (0.37) | 0.09 |
| Model 2 | 0.70 (0.60) | 0.25 | 0.57 (0.63) | 0.37 | 0.08 (0.09) | 0.38 | 0.10 (0.13) | 0.45 | 0.05 (0.07) | 0.48 | 0.04 (0.10) | 0.69 | -0.09 (0.53) | 0.87 | |
Adjustment: Model 1, same as Model 1 in Table 4 for GI, GL, CHO (g/d) and CHO (E%); Model 2, same as Model 2 in Table 4 for GI, GL, CHO (g/d) and CHO (E%).
β is a regression coefficient estimated by using a generalized linear mixed model in which random effects (family) and fixed effects (covariates of each Model) were adjusted for.
BMI, body mass index; GI, glycemic index; GL, glycemic load; CHO (g/d), the absolute amount of carbohydrate intake; CHO (E%), percentage of energy from carbohydrate; se, standard error; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.
1
Energy-adjusted using the residual method.
2
Energy-adjusted and fat intake-adjusted using the residual method.