Table 2.
HRs of suicide according to depressive symptoms in Korean middle-aged men (n=113 478)1
| Categories of depressive symptoms (score) | Person-years | No. of suicides | Unadjusted analysis |
Adjusted analysis2 |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | p-value | HR (95% CI) | p-value | ||||
| Total GDS score (0-30) | Five-point score increase | 705 175 | 400 | 1.34 (1.24, 1.45) | <0.001 | 1.22 (1.11, 1.34) | <0.001 |
| Two-group analysis (1)3 | None to moderate (0-27) | 537 606 | 250 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Severe (28-30) | 167 569 | 150 | 1.93 (1.57, 2.36) | <0.001 | 1.47 (1.18, 1.82) | <0.001 | |
| Five-group analysis (1)3 | None (0-16) | 178 995 | 47 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Mild (17-23) | 185 049 | 106 | 2.18 (1.55, 3.08) | <0.001 | 1.87 (1.31, 2.68) | 0.001 | |
| Moderate (24-27) | 173 562 | 97 | 2.13 (1.5, 3.02) | <0.001 | 1.65 (1.13, 2.40) | 0.009 | |
| Severe (28-29) | 128 143 | 112 | 3.33 (2.37, 4.68) | <0.001 | 2.27 (1.55, 3.31) | <0.001 | |
| Extreme (30) | 39 426 | 38 | 3.67 (2.39, 5.63) | <0.001 | 2.64 (1.66, 4.19) | <0.001 | |
| Trend test4 | 705 175 | 400 | 1.35 (1.24, 1.46) | <0.001 | 1.21 (1.11, 1.33) | <0.001 | |
| Two-group analysis (2)5 | No depression (0-16) | 178 995 | 47 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Depression (17-30) | 526 179 | 353 | 2.56 (1.89, 3.46) | <0.001 | 1.92 (1.38, 2.68) | <0.001 | |
HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale.
In 19 114 men with at least one missing GDS item, each missing GDS item was substituted with the most common answer for the item reported by all participants; HRs were calculated using the Cox proportional hazards model.
Adjusted for age at baseline, smoking history, alcohol drinking frequency, physical activity, body mass index, self-rated health, number of close friends, pre-existing cancer, and household monthly income.
Cut-off score based on quartiles and the highest decile.
The five categories of depressive symptoms were analyzed as ordinal variables (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5).
Cut-off score based on previous research on Koreans.