Table 3.
HRs of Childhood Cancer Among Children Age 5 Years and Younger by Mother’s Ethnicity and Birthplacea
| Cancer Type | US-Born White Mothers (n = 4368)
|
US-Born Hispanic Mothers (n = 2320)
|
Non-US–Born Hispanic Mothers (n = 3798)
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) | No. (%) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | No. (%) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | |
| Acute lymphoblastic leukemia | 1204 (36.9) | 748 (22.9) | 1.20 (1.10–1.32) | 1314 (40.2) | 1.06 (0.98–1.15) |
|
| |||||
| Acute myeloid leukemia | 200 (36.6) | 132 (24.2) | 1.28 (1.02–1.61) | 214 (39.2) | 1.05 (0.87–1.28) |
|
| |||||
| Hodgkin lymphoma | 13 (19.7) | 19 (28.8) | 2.49 (1.21–5.13) | 34 (51.5) | 2.35 (1.24–4.47) |
|
| |||||
| Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | 56 (45.5) | 23 (18.7) | 0.79 (0.48–1.30) | 44 (35.8) | 0.76 (0.51–1.14) |
|
| |||||
| Burkitt lymphoma | 46 (48.4) | 15 (15.8) | 0.69 (0.38–1.25) | 34 (35.8) | 0.73 (0.47–1.15) |
|
| |||||
| Ependymoma | 93 (43.5) | 58 (27.1) | 1.24 (0.88–1.74) | 63 (29.4) | 0.68 (0.49–0.93) |
|
| |||||
| Glioma | 629 (53.2) | 231 (19.5) | 0.71 (0.61–0.83) | 323 (27.3) | 0.50 (0.44–0.58) |
|
| |||||
| High grade | 58 (53.2) | 20 (18.3) | 0.58 (0.34–0.97) | 31 (28.4) | 0.49 (0.32–0.77) |
|
| |||||
| Low grade | 165 (53.4) | 49 (15.9) | 0.61 (0.44–0.85) | 95 (30.7) | 0.58 (0.45–0.75) |
|
| |||||
| Astrocytoma | 442 (56.5) | 143 (18.3) | 0.62 (0.51–0.75) | 197 (25.2) | 0.43 (0.36–0.51) |
|
| |||||
| Intracranial and intraspinal embryonal tumors | 250 (45.0) | 118 (21.3) | 0.85 (0.68–1.07) | 187 (33.7) | 0.71 (0.59–0.86) |
|
| |||||
| PNET | 96 (40.9) | 50 (21.3) | 0.86 (0.61–1.23) | 89 (37.9) | 0.86 (0.64–1.14) |
|
| |||||
| Medulloblastoma | 101 (47.9) | 43 (20.4) | 0.78 (0.54–1.13) | 67 (31.8) | 0.63 (0.46–0.86) |
|
| |||||
| Neuroblastoma | 569 (54.0) | 206 (19.5) | 0.66 (0.56–0.78) | 279 (26.5) | 0.47 (0.40–0.54) |
|
| |||||
| Retinoblastoma | 213 (37.8) | 133 (23.6) | 1.14 (0.91–1.42) | 217 (38.5) | 0.97 (0.80–1.18) |
|
| |||||
| Unilateral | 142 (37.2) | 99 (25.9) | 1.27 (0.97–1.65) | 141 (36.9) | 0.94 (0.74–1.19) |
|
| |||||
| Bilateral | 71 (40.1) | 33 (18.6) | 0.83 (0.54–1.28) | 73 (41.2) | 0.99 (0.72–1.38) |
|
| |||||
| Wilms tumor | 369 (45.8) | 171 (21.2) | 0.88 (0.73–1.06) | 266 (33.0) | 0.70 (0.59–0.82) |
|
| |||||
| Hepatoblastoma | 100 (36.8) | 61 (22.4) | 1.16 (0.83–1.61) | 111 (40.8) | 1.09 (0.83–1.44) |
|
| |||||
| Bone tumors | 37 (44.0) | 27 (32.1) | 1.38 (0.83–2.31) | 20 (23.8) | 0.50 (0.29–0.87) |
|
| |||||
| Ewings sarcoma | 22 (45.8) | 14 (29.2) | 1.23 (0.61–2.46) | 12 (25.0) | 0.52 (0.26–1.06) |
|
| |||||
| Soft-tissue sarcomas | 209 (40.7) | 115 (22.4) | 1.05 (0.83–1.32) | 189 (36.8) | 0.87 (0.71–1.06) |
|
| |||||
| Rhabdomyosarcoma | 142 (42.4) | 71 (21.2) | 0.97 (0.72–1.30) | 122 (36.4) | 0.83 (0.65–1.06) |
|
| |||||
| Germ-cell tumors | 126 (39.5) | 61 (19.1) | 0.81 (0.59–1.11) | 132 (41.4) | 0.97 (0.76–1.24) |
|
| |||||
| Yolk sac tumors | 44 (33.8) | 23 (17.7) | 0.82 (0.49–1.38) | 63 (48.5) | 1.29 (0.88–1.91) |
|
| |||||
| Teratoma | 58 (40.0) | 33 (22.8) | 0.95 (0.61–1.47) | 54 (37.2) | 0.85 (0.59–1.24) |
Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; PNET, primitive neuroectodermal tumor.
a
Adjusted models control for maternal and paternal ages.