Table 3.
Prevalence and Risk Ratios for Selected Birth Defects by Mode of Conception and Plurality in Florida, Massachusetts, and Michigan, 2000–2010
| No. | ART (per 10 000) | No. | Non-ART (per 10 000) | aRR (95% CI)a | P Valueb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singleton live births | ||||||
| ≥ 1 Nonchromosomal defectsc | 218 | 64.88 | 21251 | 48.07 | 1.39 (1.21–1.59) | <.001 |
| Spina bifida with and without anencephaly | <20d | NA | <20d | NA | NA | NA |
| Transposition of great vessels | 25 | 7.44 | 2017 | 4.56 | 1.63 (1.08–2.46) | .14 |
| Tetralogy of Fallot | 25 | 7.44 | 2061 | 4.66 | 1.47 (0.98–2.20) | .30 |
| Atrioventricular septal defect | 26 | 7.74 | 2007 | 4.54 | 1.10 (0.74–1.63) | .87 |
| Cleft palate only | 26 | 7.74 | 2497 | 5.65 | 1.35 (0.91–2.00) | .41 |
| Cleft lip and/or cleft palate | 28 | 8.33 | 3579 | 8.10 | 1.16 (0.80–1.69) | .87 |
| Tracheoesophageal fistula/esophageal atresia | 21 | 6.25 | 1028 | 2.33 | 1.90 (1.23–2.94) | .04 |
| Rectal and large intestinal atresia/stenosis | 25 | 7.44 | 1823 | 4.12 | 1.88 (1.26–2.82) | .02 |
| Reduction deformity, upper limbs | <20d | NA | <20d | NA | NA | NA |
| Reduction deformity, lower limbs | <20d | NA | <20d | NA | NA | NA |
| ≥ 1 Chromosomal defects, <35 y | 20 | 13.76 | 3624 | 9.65 | 1.45 (0.93–2.26) | .39 |
| Down syndrome, maternal age <35 y | 20 | 13.76 | 3058 | 8.14 | 1.63 (1.05–2.54) | .18 |
| ≥ 1 Chromosomal defects, ≥35 ye | 48 | 25.18 | 2854 | 42.95 | 0.66 (0.49–0.88) | .04 |
| Down syndrome, maternal age ≥35 y | 46 | 24.13 | 2532 | 38.11 | 0.69 (0.51–0.93) | .13 |
| Multiple live birthsf | ||||||
| ≥ 1 Nonchromosomal defectsc | 171 | 54.70 | 785 | 59.44 | 1.05 (0.87–1.27) | >.99 |
| Spina bifida with and without anencephaly | <20d | NA | <20d | NA | NA | NA |
| Transposition of great vessels | <20d | NA | <20d | NA | NA | NA |
| Tetralogy of Fallot | 20 | 6.40 | 104 | 7.88 | 0.89 (0.51–1.55) | >.99 |
| Atrioventricular septal defect | <20d | NA | <20d | NA | NA | NA |
| Cleft palate only | <20d | NA | <20d | NA | NA | NA |
| Cleft lip with and without cleft palate | <20d | NA | <20d | NA | NA | NA |
| Tracheoesophageal fistula/esophageal atresia | 20 | 6.40 | 65 | 4.92 | 1.42 (0.82–2.48) | <.99 |
| Rectal and large intestinal atresia/stenosis | 27 | 8.64 | 70 | 5.30 | 2.39 (1.38–4.12) | .01 |
| Reduction deformity, upper limbs | <20d | NA | <20d | NA | NA | NA |
| Reduction deformity, lower limbs | <20d | NA | <20d | NA | NA | NA |
| ≥ 1 Chromosomal defects, <35 y | <20d | NA | <20d | NA | NA | NA |
| Down syndrome, maternal age <35 y | <20d | NA | <20d | NA | NA | NA |
| ≥ 1 Chromosomal defects, ≥35 ye | 31 | 19.71 | 82 | 32.30 | 0.61 (0.38–0.96) | .19 |
| Down syndrome, maternal age ≥35 y | 28 | 17.80 | 71 | 27.97 | 0.64 (0.40–1.04) | .41 |
Abbreviations: aRR, adjusted risk ratio; ART, assisted reproductive technology; NA, not applicable.
Adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity, education, parity, smoking during pregnancy, diabetes (chronic or gestational), hypertension (chronic or gestational), state of residence, and year of birth. Regression models account for clustering of births among mothers.
P values adjusted using the Holm-Bonferroni method.
Nonchromosomal defects include spina bifida with or without anencephaly, encephalocele, anophthalmia/microphthalmia, common truncus, transposition of great arteries, tetralogy of Fallot, atrioventricular septal defects, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, cleft palate without cleft lip, cleft lip with and without cleft palate, esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula, rectal and large intestinal atresia/stenosis, reduction defects of the upper limbs, reduction defects of the lower limbs, gastroschisis, omphalocele, and diaphragmatic hernia. Individual defects are presented only if n≥20.
n <20, cell suppressed with complementary suppression.
Chromosomal defects include trisomy 13, trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), and trisomy 18. Individual defects are presented only if n≥20.
Adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity, education, parity, smoking during pregnancy, diabetes (chronic or gestational), hypertension (chronic or gestational), state of residence, and year of birth. Regression models account for clustering of infants within a live birth delivery and clustering of births among mothers.