Table 5.
Association Between ART Treatment Characteristics and Having 1 or More Selected Nonchromosomal Birth Defects Among Liveborn Infants Following Fresh Embryo Transfer in Florida, Massachusetts, and Michigan, 2000–2010
| All Live Births
|
P Valueb | Singleton Live Births Only
|
P Valueb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence per 10 000 | Adjusted RR (95% CI)a | Prevalence per 10 000 | Adjusted RR (95% CI)c | |||
| Type of ART | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Conventional IVF | 52.57 | 1 [Reference] | >.99 | 55.67 | 1 [Reference] | >.99 |
|
|
|
|||||
| ICSI with male factor | 66.14 | 1.21 (0.91–1.61) | 64.62 | 1.10 (0.72–1.67) | ||
|
|
|
|||||
| ICSI with no male factor | 62.22 | 1.04 (0.76–1.42) | 73.57 | 1.14 (0.76–1.72) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Cycle type | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Nondonor | 61.1 | 1 [Reference] | >.99 | 61.81 | 1 [Reference] | >.99 |
|
|
|
|||||
| Donor | 48.38 | 0.74 (0.46–1.19) | 73.46 | 1.22 (0.70–2.12) | ||
|
| ||||||
| No. of embryos transferred | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| 1 | 32.34 | 1 [Reference] | .89 | 26.32 | 1 [Reference] | .71 |
|
|
|
|||||
| ≥2 | 60.98 | 1.68 (0.86–3.26) | 66.8 | 1.97 (0.92–4.22) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Day of transfer | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Days 2–3 | 60.16 | 1 [Reference] | >.99 | 63.11 | 1 [Reference] | >.99 |
|
|
|
|||||
| Days 5–6 | 57.3 | 1.06 (0.80–1.40) | 63.4 | 1.18 (0.80–1.74) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Assisted hatching | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| No | 55.27 | 1 [Reference] | .32 | 56.39 | 1 [Reference] | .12 |
|
|
|
|||||
| Yes | 72.26 | 1.32 (1.02–1.71) | 80.67 | 1.55 (1.10–2.19) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Diagnosis | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| No tubal factor | 60.47 | 1 [Reference] | >.99 | 63.27 | 1 [Reference] | >.99 |
|
|
|
|||||
| Tubal factor | 55.81 | 1.01 (0.74–1.38) | 62.01 | 0.96 (0.62–1.50) | ||
|
| ||||||
| No ovulation disorder | 55.79 | 1 [Reference] | .05 | 60.16 | 1 [Reference] | >.99 |
|
|
|
|||||
| Ovulation disorder | 82.35 | 1.53 (1.13–2.06) | 81.73 | 1.39 (0.91–2.14) | ||
|
| ||||||
| No diminished ovarian reserve | 58.92 | 1 [Reference] | >.99 | 60.57 | 1 [Reference] | >.99 |
|
|
|
|||||
| Diminished ovarian reserve | 63.38 | 1.31 (0.88–1.94) | 77.61 | 1.12 (0.67–1.87) | ||
|
| ||||||
| No endometriosis | 61.31 | 1 [Reference] | >.99 | 64.64 | 1 [Reference] | >.99 |
|
|
|
|||||
| Endometriosis | 48.71 | 0.77 (0.53–1.13) | 52.54 | 0.77 (0.47–1.25) | ||
|
| ||||||
| No unexplained infertility | 58.99 | 1 [Reference] | 0.86 | 62.66 | 1 [Reference] | >.99 |
|
|
|
|||||
| Unexplained infertility | 63.25 | 1.36 (0.93–1.99) | 65.29 | 1.41 (0.85–2.33) | ||
Abbreviations: ART, assisted reproductive technology; IVF, in vitro fertilization; ICSI, intracytoplasmic sperm injection; RR, risk ratio.
Adjusted for all variables in the table and maternal age, race/ethnicity, education, parity, smoking during pregnancy, drinking during pregnancy, diabetes (chronic or gestational), hypertension (chronic or gestational), state of residence, and year of birth. Regression models account for clustering of infants within a live birth delivery and clustering of births among mothers.
P values adjusted using the Holm-Bonferroni method.
Adjusted for all variables in the table and maternal age, race/ethnicity, education, parity, smoking during pregnancy, drinking during pregnancy, diabetes (chronic or gestational), hypertension (chronic or gestational), state of residence, and year of birth. Regression models account for clustering of births among mothers.