TABLE 1.
Characteristics of NSPAC sample by level of indirect violence (N = 82)
| Total N (%) | Low violence exposure (<3 types) N (%) | Medium violence exposure (3–5 types) N (%) | High violence exposure (>5 types) N (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex of child | ||||
| Male | 36 (43.90) | 8 (42.11) | 25 (52.08) | 3 (20.00) |
| Female | 46 (56.10) | 11 (57.89) | 23 (47.92) | 12 (80.00) |
| Mother’s educational background | ||||
| Less than a high school degree | 21 (25.61) | 4 (21.05)* | 12 (25.00)* | 5 (33.33)* |
| High school degree or more | 61 (74.39) | 15 (78.95)* | 36 (75.00)* | 10 (66.67)* |
| Smoking during pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | 11 (13.41) | 1 (5.26) | 8 (16.67) | 2 (13.33) |
| No | 71 (86.59) | 18 (94.74) | 40 (83.33) | 13 (86.67) |
| Child caregiver change (at least once within lifetime) | ||||
| Yes | 15 (18.29) | 4 (21.05) | 8 (16.67) | 3 (20.00) |
| No | 67 (81.71) | 15 (78.95) | 40 (83.33) | 12 (80.00) |
| Child lives with both biological parents | ||||
| Yes | 10 (12.20) | 3 (15.79) | 6 (12.50) | 1 (6.67) |
| No | 72 (87.80) | 16 (84.21) | 42 (87.50) | 14 (93.33) |
| Mean, range, SD | ||||
| Child’s age | 10.28 | 9.42 | 10.61 | 10.24 |
| 5.00–15.00 | 5.00–15.00 | 6.00–15.00 | 5.00–15.00 | |
| 2.93 | 3.40 | 2.94 | 2.76 | |
| Chaos | 28.16 | 24.85 | 27.46 | 34.16 |
| 15.00–56.00 | 15.00–39.00 | 15.00–49.00 | 18.00–56.00 | |
| 8.76 | 6.78 | 8.23 | 9.77 | |
| Maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACE) | 2.80 | 0.95 | 3.20 | 3.94 |
| 0.00–8.00 | 0.00–5.00 | 0.00–8.00 | 2.00–6.00 | |
| 2.12 | 1.32 | 2.10 | 1.30 | |
| CBCL externalizing behavior T score | 51.31 | 49.00 | 48.84 | 54.68 |
| 33.00–83.00 | 33.00–71.00 | 33.00–83.00 | 33.00–78.00 | |
| 13.09 | 14.53 | 14.02 | 11.12 | |
| CBCL externalizing behavior total score | 8.43 | 7.00 | 7.53 | 9.87 |
| 0.00–47.00 | 0.00–22.00 | 0.00–47.00 | 0.00–37.00 | |
| 9.62 | 8.53 | 10.81 | 8.75 | |
Characterized by tertiles: ≤25th, 26–74th, and ≥75th percentiles
*p < 0.05, based on likelihood ratio chi-square or Fisher’s exact test