Table 1.

Summary of published economic models in chronic pain

References	Country setting	Chronic pain type	Therapies considered	Time horizon	Cycle length	Dose titration included	Treatment lines	Model type	Costs	Assumption of efficacy (analgesic effect)
Coluzzi and Ruggeri [18]	Italy	Non-malignant	Oxycodone/naloxone; tapentadol; oxycodone	1 year	15 weeks	No	1 line	Markov	Direct	Equivalent efficacy
Dunlop et al. [17]	UK	Non-malignant	Oxycodone/naloxone; oxycodone	43 weeks	1 week	No	1 line	Markov	Direct	Equivalent efficacy
Frei et al. [7]	Denmark	Non-malignant	Fentanyl; morphine	1 year	30 days	No	2 lines	Markov	Direct	Equivalent efficacy
Hass et al. [15]	Germany	Non-specific	Buprenorphine; fentanyl; oxycodone; morphine	6 years	1 year	No	1 line	Markov	Direct	Equivalent efficacy
Ikenberg et al. [13]. Structure later used by: Obradovic et al. [14]	UK	Non-malignant	Tapentadol; oxycodone	1 year	4 weeks	Yes	3 lines	Markov	Direct	Equivalent efficacy
Neighbors et al. [6]. Structure later used by: Lehmann et al. [11]; Grenier et al. [12]; Hauber et al. [16]	USA	Non-specific	Fentanyl; morphine; oxycodone	1 year	NA	Yes	2 lines	Decision tree	Direct	Equivalent efficacy
NICE [10]	UK	Malignant	Morphine; oxycodone; fentanyl; buprenorphine	1 year	1 week	No	2 lines	Markov	Direct	Equivalent efficacy
Neil et al. [5]	USA	Non-malignant	Tapentadol; oxycodone	1 year	NA	Yes	2 lines	Discrete event simulation	Direct	Equivalent efficacy