Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of the participants
| Variables | RG (n = 50) | WG (n = 50) | CG (n = 50) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 60.2 ± 6.9 | 58.7 ± 6.3 | 57.8 ± 8.4 | 0.15 |
| Height, cm | 162.6 ± 9.8 | 159.6 ± 6.4 | 161.7 ± 5.0 | 0.06 |
| Weight, kg | 69.7 ± 11.8 | 72.7 ± 14.8 | 69.5 ± 13.0 | 0.41 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.3 ± 5.4 | 27.2 ± 6.1 | 28.1 ± 3.9 | 0.24 |
| T-score | −2.2 ± 0.7 | −1.9 ± 0.9 | −2.1 ± 0.7 | 0.31 |
| PTH, pmol/L | 5.0 ± 1.6 | 5.7 ± 2.6 | 4.9 ± 1.7 | 0.21 |
| 25-OH-D, nmol/L | 25.8 ± 11.2 | 27.1 ± 17.6 | 26.8 ± 16.0 | 0.16 |
| Resting heart rate, /min | 75 ± 6.2 | 74 ± 7.1 | 76 ± 4.7 | 0.38 |
| Number that occasionally consume alcohol, %a | 19 (38 %) | 16 (32 %) | 12 (40 %) | 0.43 |
| Number that consume coffee, %a, b | 31 (62 %) | 37 (74 %) | 23 (76 %) | 0.21 |
| Smokers, %a | 5 (10 %) | 6 (12 %) | 3 (10 %) | 0.43 |
| Physical activity, kcal/weekc | 3075 ± 1546 | 3150 ± 1687 | 3190 ± 1543 | 0.54 |
Values are means ± SD
Abbreviations: RG resistance exercise group, WG walking group, CG control group, BMI body mass index, PTH parathyroid hormone, 25-OH-D 25-hydroxy vitamin D
aAs assessed by baseline questionnaire (prospective participants who consumed more than the occasional alcoholic drink were ineligible for this study)
bMinimum 1 cup of strong black coffee daily
cFrom the International Physical Activity Questionnaire