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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2015 Dec 31;131:60–79. doi: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.12.009

Table 4.

Chemical components of host kairomones that elicit attractive behavioral responses in ticks.

Chemical
component		 Associated host Tick speciesa Reference Formula Structure
1-Octen-3-ol Cattle A. americanum
A. cajennense
A. hebraeum
R. microplus
I. ricinus 		[28,36,89,118,119] C8H16O graphic file with name nihms777003t29.jpg
2-Ethylhexanoic acid Cattle R. microplus [28] C8H16O2 graphic file with name nihms777003t30.jpg
2-Nitrophenol Cattle R. microplus [28] C6H5NO3 graphic file with name nihms777003t31.jpg
Acetone Cattle,
Dogs,
Humans,
White-tailed deer		 A. americanum
A. hebraeum 		[36,109] C3H6O graphic file with name nihms777003t32.jpg
Aliphatic aldehydes Cattle
Rabbit		 A. variegatum [40] N/A Specific chemical structures are unknown
Ammonia Cattle,
Dogs,
Humans,
White-tailed deer		 A. americanum [36] NH4 graphic file with name nihms777003t33.jpg
Aromatic aldehydes Cattle
Rabbit		 A. variegatum [39] N/A Specific chemical structures are unknown
Benzoic acid Cattle R. microplus [28] C7H6O2 graphic file with name nihms777003t34.jpg
Butyric acid Cattle R. microplus [28] C4H8O2 graphic file with name nihms777003t35.jpg
Carbon dioxide Cattle,
Dogs,
Humans,
White-tailed deer		 A. americanum
A. hebraeum
A. maculatum
A. triguttatum
A. variegatum
D. andersoni
D. variabilis
I. dammini
I. ricinus
I. scapularis
R. microplus
R. sanguineus 		[26,36,39,110,111,112,113,114,115,116] CO2 graphic file with name nihms777003t36.jpg
Heptanoic acid Cattle R. microplus [28] C7H14O2 graphic file with name nihms777003t37.jpg
Hexanal Cattle R. microplus [28] C6H12O graphic file with name nihms777003t38.jpg
Hexanoic acid Cattle R. microplus [28] C6H12O2 graphic file with name nihms777003t39.jpg
Isobutyric acid Cattle R. microplus [28] C4H8O2 graphic file with name nihms777003t40.jpg
Lactones Cattle
Rabbit		 I. ricinus [126] N/A Specific chemical structures are unknown
Pentanoic acid Cattle R. microplus [28] C5H10O2 graphic file with name nihms777003t41.jpg
Pyruvate Cattle R. microplus [28] C3H3O3 graphic file with name nihms777003t42.jpg
a

Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma hebraeum, Amblyomma maculatum, Amblyomma triguttatum, Amblyomma variegatum, Dermacentor andersoni, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes dammini, Ixodes persulcatus, Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes scapularis, Rhipicephalus microplus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus.