Table 1.

Examples of regenerative medicine strategies^* in development for nonwound applications

Type of Technology	Examples of Specific Application(s) Under Study
Induced pluripotent stem cells	Endothelial cells, neurons, and hepatocytes for preclinical applications
Transdifferentiation of cells	Preclinical stage for transdifferentiation of fibroblasts into brain cells
Embryonic stem cells	Severe heart disease and macular degeneration
Autologous stem cells	Retinal conditions, reconstructive surgery, heart disease, bone damage, and populating matrices for organ transplantation
Allogeneic stem cells	Diabetes, cirrhosis, and other liver diseases, neurologic diseases, stroke, and critical limb ischemia
Gene therapies encoding growth factors	Chronic limb ischemia, ischemic heart failure, and diabetic neuropathy
Small-molecule therapeutics	Preclinical stage inhibition of nuclear export
Human tissue or organ engineering	Small intestine, bone, trachea, and pancreas

^*The extent of regeneration versus repair or partial regeneration induced by these strategies has not been established.