Table 2.
Simple and Multiple Logistic Regressions of Socioeconomic Characteristics and Sociodemographic Variables Predicting Current Cigarette Smoking or Smokeless Tobacco (ST) Use
| Variable | Cigarette use | ST use | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||||||
| OR | 95% CI | P | AOR | 95% CI | P | OR | 95% CI | P | AOR | 95% CI | P | |
| Educational attainment | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||||||
| High school graduate | 0.86 | (0.77, 0.97) | 0.80 | (0.70, 0.91) | 0.99 | (0.75, 1.32) | 0.83 | (0.61, 1.13) | ||||
| Some college | 0.69 | (0.61, 0.77) | 0.62 | (0.55, 0.71) | 0.89 | (0.68, 1.16) | 0.82 | (0.62, 1.07) | ||||
| College graduate | 0.27 | (0.24, 0.31) | 0.28 | (0.24, 0.32) | 0.53 | (0.41, 0.68) | 0.50 | (0.38, 0.64) | ||||
| Household income | <.0001 | <.0001 | .81 | |||||||||
| $20 000–$49 999 | 0.70 | (0.64, 0.77) | 0.85 | (0.76, 0.95) | 1.01 | (0.75, 1.36) | ||||||
| $50 000–74 999 | 0.44 | (0.39, 0.50) | 0.57 | (0.49, 0.66) | 1.13 | (0.82, 1.54) | ||||||
| ≥$75 000 | 0.35 | (0.31, 0.40) | 0.57 | (0.49, 0.67) | 1.03 | (0.77, 1.37) | ||||||
| Blue-collar industry | 1.31 | (1.20, 1.42) | <.0001 | 3.69 | (3.21, 4.24) | <.0001 | 1.93 | (1.62, 2.29) | <.0001 | |||
| Unemployment | 2.27 | (2.01, 2.55) | <.0001 | 1.36 | (1.19, 1.55) | <.0001 | 1.05 | (0.77, 1.43) | .76 | |||
| Sociodemographics | ||||||||||||
| Age | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||||||
| 18–25 | 4.41 | (3.59, 5.43) | 3.47 | (2.78, 4.32) | 3.47 | (2.21, 5.43) | 3.37 | (2.15, 5.26) | ||||
| 26–29 | 4.82 | (3.88, 5.99) | 5.97 | (4.76, 7.50) | 3.37 | (2.01, 5.64) | 3.18 | (1.89, 5.35) | ||||
| 30–34 | 4.43 | (3.59, 5.47) | 6.18 | (4.89, 7.81) | 2.50 | (1.55, 4.04) | 2.50 | (1.50, 4.16) | ||||
| 35–49 | 3.33 | (2.67, 4.14) | 4.72 | (3.74, 5.95) | 2.98 | (1.85, 4.80) | 2.77 | (1.70, 4.52) | ||||
| 50–64 | 2.53 | (2.00, 3.20) | 3.29 | (2.55, 4.24) | 1.37 | (0.76, 2.46) | 1.10 | (0.61, 1.98) | ||||
| Sex (male) | 1.36 | (1.26, 1.46) | <.0001 | 1.32 | (1.23, 1.43) | <.0001 | 15.62 | (9.60, 25.41) | <.0001 | 12.88 | (7.77, 21.35) | <.0001 |
| Marital status | 0.43 | (0.39, 0.47) | <.0001 | 0.56 | (0.50, 0.62) | <.0001 | 0.86 | (0.73, 1.01) | .06 | |||
| Race | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||||||
| Black/African American | 0.99 | (0.88, 1.11) | 0.57 | (0.50, 0.66) | 0.45 | (0.27, 0.75) | 0.42 | (0.24, 0.72) | ||||
| Hispanic | 0.69 | (0.61, 0.77) | 0.37 | (0.32, 0.42) | 0.26 | (0.16, 0.39) | 0.16 | (0.10, 0.25) | ||||
| Asian | 0.33 | (0.25, 0.44) | 0.38 | (0.28, 0.52) | 0.09 | (0.04, 0.19) | 0.09 | (0.04, 0.20) | ||||
| Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 1.15 | (0.58, 2.29) | 0.75 | (0.37, 1.53) | 1.15 | (0.36, 3.65) | 1.21 | (0.37, 3.98) | ||||
| Native American | 2.05 | (1.40, 3.01) | 1.15 | (0.76, 1.72) | 1.97 | (1.26, 3.07) | 1.71 | (1.08, 2.72) | ||||
| Multiracial | 1.99 | (1.52, 2.60) | 1.51 | (1.06, 2.14) | 0.52 | (0.31, 0.88) | 0.47 | (0.29, 0.77) | ||||
| Mental health | ||||||||||||
| Major depression | 1.76 | (1.55, 1.99) | <.0001 | 1.42 | (1.24, 1.63) | <.0001 | 0.89 | (0.66, 1.19) | .42 | |||
| Substance dependence | ||||||||||||
| Alcohol | 3.99 | (3.45, 4.63) | <.0001 | 2.56 | (2.17, 3.02) | <.0001 | 2.79 | (2.11, 3.69) | <.0001 | 1.70 | (1.29, 2.26) | <.01 |
| Marijuana | 6.26 | (4.86, 8.05) | <.0001 | 3.25 | (2.42, 4.37) | <.0001 | 1.75 | (1.27, 2.41) | <.01 | |||
| Cocaine | 11.85 | (6.41, 21.89) | <.0001 | 2.63 | (1.14, 6.09) | .02 | 1.69 | (0.67, 4.26) | .26 | |||
| Heroin | 23.61 | (7.97, 69.88) | <.0001 | 5.56 | (1.70, 18.12) | <.01 | 6.21 | (3.23, 11.94) | <.0001 | 2.14 | (1.15, 4.00) | .02 |
| Cigarette use | 1.95 | (1.66, 2.28) | <.0001 | |||||||||
AOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio; PI = Pacific Islander. Data are from the 2012 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), ≥18 years, weighted sample (unweighted N = 37 869). The reference category for educational attainment is <high school. The reference category for household income is <$20 000. The reference category for age is ≥65. The reference category for race is non-Hispanic white.