Figure 1.

Nicotine concentration and morphological features of pups with nicotine exposure. (A) Concentrations of nicotine (ng/mL) in the dams and newborn pups of all treatment groups were determined by using either the blood or the homogenized palate tissue, respectively. (B) Number of pups at one delivery (litter size), low birth weight (LBW), and still birth rate among treatment groups are represented as an average of duplicates. (C) The width and height of the middle one third of all palates were measured using image software (Adobe PhotoShop 6.0). Birth weight and body size of pups within all treatment groups were averaged from duplicates. Nicotine-treated pups are statistically significant from saline-treated pups, P < .05 (Dunnett multiple comparisons).