Table 3. Associations Between Serum Potassium and Incident Diabetes, by Ethnicity (N = 5415).

				Hazard ratio (95% CI)
Serum K (mmol/L)	Number at risk	Number of events	Unadjusted incidence ratio (per 1000 pys)	Model 1	Model 2
All participants	5415	1281	30.8
< 4.0	1767	208	35.0	1.23 (1.04, 1.47)	0.96 (0.75, 1.24)
4.0–4.49	804	662	29.8	0.99 (0.87, 1.12)	1.05 (0.89, 1.23)
≥ 4.5	2844	411	30.5	1.0 (Ref.)	1.0 (Ref.)
per 0.5 lower				1.11 (1.02, 1.20)	1.01 (0.91, 1.12)
p-value				0.02	0.86
White	2281	477	26.0
< 4.0	238	51	28.6	1.22 (0.89, 1.68)	0.98 (0.66, 1.45)
4.0–4.49	1117	235	25.5	1.02 (0.84, 1.23)	1.13 (0.91, 1.42)
≥ 4.5	926	191	25.9	1.0 (Ref.)	1.0 (Ref.)
per 0.5 lower				1.14 (0.99, 1.30)	1.05 (0.91, 1.22)
p-value				0.06	0.49
Chinese-American	679	175	34.0
< 4.0	160	42	34.4	0.85 (0.51, 1.40)	0.47 (0.21, 1.08)
4.0–4.49	435	107	32.2	0.75 (0.48, 1.18)	0.50 (0.26, 0.97)
≥ 4.5	84	26	43.0	1.0 (Ref.)	1.0 (Ref.)
per 0.5 lower				0.96 (0.74, 1.25)	0.85 (0.52, 1.39)
p-value				0.77	0.52
African-American	1345	290	29.2
< 4.0	270	63	31.9	1.17 (0.84, 1.63)	0.77 (0.46, 1.30)
4.0–4.49	707	148	27.9	0.96 (0.72, 1.26)	0.95 (0.64, 1.40)
≥ 4.5	368	79	29.8	1.0 (Ref.)	1.0 (Ref.)
per 0.5 lower				1.05 (0.89, 1.23)	0.88 (0.70, 1.11)
p-value				0.56	0.27
Hispanic	1110	339	41.6
< 4.0	136	52	54.0	1.51 (1.09, 2.08)	1.27 (0.81, 1.98)
4.0–4.49	585	172	39.4	1.02 (0.80, 1.29)	1.08 (0.79, 1.49)
≥ 4.5	389	115	40.9	1.0 (Ref.)	1.0 (Ref.)
per 0.5 lower				1.19 (1.00, 1.41)	1.08 (0.88, 1.33)
p-value				0.04	0.46

Model 1: adjusted for age (continuous), sex, race, and study site.

Model 2: M1 + waist circumference (continuous), BMI (continuous), smoking, family history of diabetes, education, income, alcohol use, physical activity, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication use and use of other medications listed in Table 1.

Significant associations in bold. Race*serum potassium, P = 0.25