DI TNC1 astrocytes were stably transfected with a luciferase reporter gene driven by the NF-κB promoter. Cells were treated with (A) TNFα, IL-1β, and IFNγ (10 ng/mL each) or LPS (100 ng/mL) for 6 h,(B) quercetin (0-10 μM), or (C) rutin, cyanidin and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (0 and 100 μM each) for 1 h followed by stimulation with LPS (100 ng/mL) for 6 h. Luciferase activity was determined, as described in Methods. Results are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n=3) and analyzed by one-way ANOVA (A) or two-way ANOVA (B, C) with Bonferroni post-tests. (A) ***p<0.001 vs. control. (B) *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 vs. LPS alone.