Table 5.
Multilevel Models of Factors Associated with Youth Sense of Agency
| Model 1 Main effects |
Model 2 Interaction between sexual orientation and GSA functions |
Model 3 Cross-level interaction between GSA structure and GSA functions |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2a | 2b | 2c | 3a | 3b | 3c | ||
| Level 1 | |||||||
| S. orientation | −0.22 | −0.23 | −0.21 | −0.16 | −0.18 | −0.17 | −0.25 |
| Male | 0.67*** | 0.67*** | 0.66*** | 0.60*** | 0.62*** | 0.58** | 0.60*** |
| Trans/GQueer | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.62 | 0.55 | 0.56 | 0.54 | 0.60 |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.51** | 0.51** | 0.53** | 0.49** | 0.47** | 0.49** | 0.50** |
| Grade level | 0.23* | 0.23* | 0.22* | 0.22* | 0.22* | 0.22* | 0.21* |
| Family support | 0.30*** | 0.29*** | 0.30*** | 0.29*** | 0.29*** | 0.29*** | 0.28*** |
| Org. structure | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 |
| LGBT school climate | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.26 |
| Sup/Soc received | 0.25† | 0.21 | 0.28* | 0.27* | −1.22* | 0.33** | 0.30* |
| Info/Res received | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.12 | −0.03 | −0.01 | −0.84 | −0.02 |
| Advocacy done | 0.24* | 0.24* | 0.23* | −0.14 | −0.14 | −0.15 | −0.05 |
| S. O. × Sup/Soc | — | −0.07 | — | — | — | — | — |
| S. O. × Info/Res | — | — | 0.15 | — | — | — | — |
| S. O. × Advocacy | — | — | — | 0.51** | 0.47** | 0.49** | 0.51* |
|
| |||||||
| Level 2 Intercept | |||||||
| Group size | −0.06** | −0.06** | −0.06** | −0.06** | −0.06** | −0.06** | −0.06** |
| Collective org. structure | 0.32 | 0.37 | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.19 |
| Collective LGBT climate | 1.00* | 1.05* | 1.00* | 1.01* | 1.02* | 1.02* | 0.95* |
|
| |||||||
| Cross-level Moderator | |||||||
| G. Structure × Sup/Soc | — | — | — | — | 0.54* | — | — |
| G. Structure × Info/Res | — | — | — | — | — | 0.27 | — |
| G. Structure × Advoc × S. O. | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.51* |
Note. S. orientation = dichotomized as sexual minority (1) or heterosexual (0); Male = dichotomized as cisgender male (1) or not (0); Trans/GQueer = dichotomized as transgender/gender-queer (1) or not (0); Race/ethnicity = dichotomized as racial/ethnic minority (1) or white (0); Grade level = student grade level in school; Family support = perceived family support; Org. structure = perceived organizational structure within the GSA; LGBT school climate = perceived positive LGBT climate in the school; Sup/Soc received = amount of support/socializing received from the GSA; Info/Res received = amount of information and resources received from the GSA; Advocacy done = amount of advocacy done in the GSA; S. O. × Sup/Soc = interaction between sexual orientation and support/socializing received; S. O. × Info/Res = interaction between sexual orientation and information/resources received; S. O. × Advocacy = interaction between sexual orientation and advocacy done; Group size = number of participants in the respective GSA; Collective org. structure = composite average score of perceived level of GSA structure among youth in the same GSA; Collective LGBT climate = composite average score of perceived positive LGBT climate in the school among youth in the same GSA; G. Structure × Sup/Soc = moderating effect of GSA structure (Level 2) on the association between support/socializing received (Level 1) and youth agency; G. Structure × Info/Res = moderating effect of GSA structure (Level 2) on the association between information/resources received (Level 1) and youth agency; G. Structure × S. O. × Advoc = moderating effect of GSA structure (Level 2) on the association between engaging in advocacy (Level 1) and youth agency, which itself is moderated by sexual orientation (Level 1).
p = .06.
p < .05.
p < .01.
p < .001.