Table 1.
List of studies on resting state in depression.
| Studies | Experimental design | N | Patients details | Depression measure | Increased activation in depression | Decreased activation in depression | Positive correlation with depression | Negative correlation with depression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drevets et al., 1992 | PET 40 s Eyes closed and relax | 13 DD 33 HC | >3 weeks medication washout | HDRS | L/R DMPFC L VLPFC L MPFC RL amygdala and other subcortical areas | L/R occipitalcortex R medialtemporalgyrus R/L medial caudate | Amygdala | L PFC |
| Mayberg et al., 1997 | PET 40 min Eyes closed, ears uncovered, and resting state | 18 DD 15 HC | Treatment with antidepressant medications | HAMD | – | R/L anterior cingulated R/L anterior insula R/L premotor cortex R/L DLPFC R/L IPL R/L inferiortemporal | – | – |
| Brody et al., 2001 | PET 40 min Resting not specified | 13 DD 24 HC | >4 weeks Medication washout | HAMD GDS | LR anterior inferior temporal | R/L DLPFC L/R dorsal caudate L/R thalamus | – | – |
| Saxena et al., 2001 | PET 40 min Eyes and ears open | 27 DD 17 HC | No antidepressant medications | HDRS GAS SADS-L | L/R Thalamus | L hippocampus | – | L hippocampus |
| Videbech et al., 2001 | PET 15 min Relax and look at a tread-cross on a computer monitor | 42 DD 47 HC | Treatment with antidepressant medications included | HDRS | R hippocampus L cerebellum L occipito-temporal gyrus | – | – | – |
| Kennedy et al., 2001 | PET 35 min Resting not specified | 13 DD | >2 weeks medication washout | HDRS | R sgACC | L DLPFC R ventral striatum | – | – |
| Dotson et al., 2009 (1)∗ | PET 60 s Resting not specified | 34 HC | Older males Treatment with antidepressant medications included | CES-D | – | – | – | Precentral gyrus VLPFC Temporal pole Cerebellum L IPL |
| Dotson et al., 2009 (2)∗ | PET 60 s Resting not specified | 26 HC | Older females Treatment with antidepressant medications included | CES-D | – | – | L/R IPL L Angular gyrus L middle occipital gyrus | cerebellum R VLPFC R inferior temporal gyrus R orbitofrontal gyrus R middle occipital gyrus insula R IPL R middle temporal gyrus |
| Monkul et al., 2012 | PET 10 sessions of 50 s 10 Resting (eyes closed and rest) | 20 DD 21 HC | No antidepressant medications | HDRS | PCC Caudate Parahippocampal gyrus | ACC DLPFC VLPFC | Thalamus Putamen | DLPFC VLPFC ACC |
| Roffman et al., 2014 | PET 15 min Resting (not specified) | 16 DD | Treatment with antidepressant medications | HAMD | – | – | R insula Precuneus | – |
| Lui et al., 2009 (1)∗ | ASL Resting (eyes closed and relax) | 24 DD 42 HC | Recurrent depressive disorder No antidepressant medications | HAMD CGISS | – | L DLPFC L occipital lobe R VLPFC L/R thalamus | – | |
| Lui et al., 2009 (2)∗ | ASL Resting (eyes closed and relax) | 37 DD 42 HC | Non recurrent depressive disorder No antidepressant medications | HAMD CGISS | R/L occipital lobe R amygdala and other subcortical areas PCC/precuneus | L DLPFC | – | – |
| Duhameau et al., 2010 | ASL 4 min Resting (not specified) | 6 DD 6 HC | Drug resistant and chronic depression Treatment with antidepressant medications | HDRS | R sgACC L sgACC Corpus callosum L DMPFC L ACC L amygdala and other subcortical areas | – | – | – |
| Orosz et al., 2012 | ASL 12 min Resting | 22 DD 22 HC | Treatment with antidepressant medications | BDI HAMD MADRS | – | – | – | PCC IPL |
∗We reported separately different comparison published in the same article. DD, Depressive Disorder patients; HC, healthy controls; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al., 1961); HAMD, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (Hamilton, 1960); MADRS, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating (Montgomery et al., 1985); GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale (Brink et al., 1982); CGISS, Clinical Global Impression of Severity scale (Guy, 1976). (Hamilton, 1960; Beck et al., 1961; Guy, 1976; Brink et al., 1982; Montgomery et al., 1985; Drevets et al., 1992; Mayberg et al., 1997; Brody et al., 2001; Kennedy et al., 2001; Saxena et al., 2001; Videbech et al., 2001; Dotson et al., 2009; Lui et al., 2009; Duhameau et al., 2010; Monkul et al., 2012; Orosz et al., 2012; Roffman et al., 2014).